Empathy and Conversational Enjoyment in Younger and Older Adults

REFERENCES

• Bailey , P. E. , & Henry , J. D. ( 2008 ). Growing less empathic with age: Disinhibition of the self-perspective . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 63 , 219 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , P. E. , Henry , J. D. , & Von Hippel , W. ( 2008 ). Empathy and social functioning in late adulthood . Aging & Mental Health , 12 , 499 – 503 . doi: 10.1080/13607860802224243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beadle , J. , Brown , V. , Keady , B. , Tranel , D. , & Paradiso , S. ( 2012 ). Trait empathy as a predictor of individual differences in perceived loneliness . Psychological Reports , 110 , 3 – 15 . doi: 10.2466/07.09.20.PR0.110.1.3-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Mikels , J. A. , Mather , M. ( 2006 ). Aging and the intersection of cognition, motivation, and emotion . In J. E. Birren & K. Warner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology of aging ( , 6th ed. , pp. 343 – 362 ). Amsterdam , The Netherlands : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , & Turk-Charles , S. ( 1994 ). The salience of emotion across the adult life span . Psychology and Aging , 9 , 259 – 264 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.9.2.259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cikara , M. , Bruneau , E. G. , & Saxe , R. R. ( 2011 ). Us and them: Intergroup failures of empathy . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 20 , 149 – 153 . doi: 10.1177/0963721411408713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. ( 1980 ). Individual differences in empathy: A multidimensional approach. (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX . Dissertation Abstracts International , 40 , 059173009936501 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. ( 1983 ). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 , 113 – 126 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , M. H. ( 1994 ). Empathy: A social psychological approach . Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diehl , M. , Coyle , N. , & Labouvie-Vief , G. (1996). Age and sex differences in strategies of coping and defense across the life span. Psychology and Aging , 11, 127–139. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.11.1.127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , S. B. , Pearson , P. R. , Easting , G. G. , & Allsopp , J. F. ( 1985 ). Age norms for impulsiveness, venturesomeness and empathy in adults . Personality and Individual Differences , 6 , 613 – 619 . doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(85)90011-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingerman , K. L. , Miller , L. , & Charles , S. ( 2008 ). Saving the best for last: How adults treat social partners of different ages . Psychology and Aging , 23 , 399 – 409 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German , T. P. , & Hehman , J. A. ( 2006 ). Representational and executive selection resources in ‘theory of mind’: Evidence from compromised belief-desire reasoning in old age . Cognition , 101 , 129 – 152 . doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , H. , Ryan , E. , & Anas , A. P. ( 2008 ). Perceptions of intergenerational communication by young, middle-aged, and older Canadians . Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science , 40 , 21 – 30 . doi: 10.1037/0008-400x.40.1.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grühn , D. , Rebucal , K. , Diehl , M. , Lumley , M. , & Labouvie-Vief , G. ( 2008 ). Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience-sampling findings . Emotion , 8 , 753 – 765 . doi: 10.1037/a0014123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happé , F. E. , Winner , E. , & Brownell , H. ( 1998 ). The getting of wisdom: Theory of mind in old age . Developmental Psychology , 34 , 358 – 362 . doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helson , R. , Jones , C. , & Kwan , V. Y. ( 2002 ). Personality change over 40 years of adulthood: Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of two longitudinal samples . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 83 , 752 – 766 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , E. M. , Phillips , L. H. , & MacPherson , S. E. ( 2010 ). Effects of age on cross-modal emotion perception . Psychology and Aging , 25 , 779 – 787 . doi: 10.1037/a0020528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keightley , M. L. , Winocur , G. , Burianova , H. , Hongwanishkul , D. , & Grady , C. L. ( 2006 ). Age effects on social cognition: Faces tell a different story . Psychology and Aging , 21 , 558 – 572 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.3.558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrath , S. H. , O'Brien , E. H. , & Hsing , C. ( 2011 ). Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 15 , 180 – 199 . doi: 10.1177/1088868310377395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krendl , A. C. , & Ambady , N. ( 2010 ). Older adults' decoding of emotions: Role of dynamic versus static cues and age-related cognitive decline . Psychology and Aging , 25 , 788 – 793 . doi: 10.1037/a0020607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , F. R. , & Carstensen , L. L. ( 2002 ). Time counts: Future time perspective, goals, and social relationships . Psychology and Aging , 17 , 125 – 139 . doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.17.125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen , R. J. , Diener , E. , & Emmons , R. A. ( 1986 ). Affect intensity and reactions to daily life events . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 803 – 814 . doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPherson , S. E. , Phillips , L. H. , & Della Sala , S. ( 2002 ). Age, executive function and social decision making: A dorsolateral prefrontal theory of cognitive aging . Psychology and Aging , 17 , 598 – 609 . doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams , D. P. , de St. Aubin , E. , & Logan , R. L. ( 1993 ). Generativity among young, midlife, and older adults . Psychology and Aging , 8 , 221 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooradian , T. A. , Davis , M. , & Matzler , K. (2011). Dispositional empathy and the hierarchical structure of personality. The American Journal of Psychology , 124, 99–109. doi: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.124.1.0099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. H. , MacLean , R. J. , & Allen , R. ( 2002 ). Age and the understanding of emotions: Neuropsychological and sociocognitive perspectives . The Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 57 , 526 – 530 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/57.6.P526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter , D. , Dietzel , C. , & Kunzmann , U. ( 2010 ). Age differences in emotion recognition: The task matters . The Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Science , 668 , 48 – 55 . doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbq068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter , D. , & Kunzmann , U. ( 2011 ). Age differences in three facets of empathy: Performance-based evidence . Psychology and Aging , 26 , 60 – 70 . doi: 10.1037/a0021138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. , Hoyle , R. H. , & Leary , M. R. ( 2012 ). Differential predictability of four dimensions of affect intensity . Cognition and Emotion , 26 , 25 – 41 . doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.561564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Henry , J. D. , Livingstone , V. , & Phillips , L. H. ( 2008 ). A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 32 , 863 – 881 . doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , E. B. , Giles , H. , Bartolucci , G. , & Henwood , K. ( 1986 ). Psycholinguist components of communication by and with the elderly . Language & Communication , 6 , 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schieman , S. , & Van Gundy , K. ( 2000 ). The personal and social links between age and self-reported empathy . Social Psychology Quarterly , 63 , 152 – 174 . doi: 10.2307/2695889
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spreng , R. , McKinnon , M. C. , Mar , R. A. , & Levine , B. ( 2009 ). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures . Journal of Personality Assessment , 91 , 62 – 71 . doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , S. , & Ruffman , T. ( 2004 ). Social understanding: How does it fare with advancing years? British Journal of Psychology , 95 , 1 – 18 . doi: 10.1348/000712604322779424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sze , J. A. , Gyurak , A. , Goodkind , M. S. , & Levenson , R. W. ( 2012 ). Greater emotional empathy in prosocial behavior in later life . Emotion , 12 , 1129 – 1140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A. , & Garrett , P. ( 2002 ). Communication evaluations across the life span: From adolescent storm and stress to elder aches and pains . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 21 , 101 – 126 . doi: 10.1177/02627×02021002001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , A. , & Giles , H. ( 1996 ). Intergenerational conversations: Young adults' retrospective accounts . Human Communication Research , 23 , 220 – 250 . doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00393.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar