The irrelevant speech effect among younger and older adults: The influence of background noises on reading comprehension

References

• Andrés, P., Parmentier, F. B. R., & Escera, C. (2006). The effect of age on involuntary capture of attention by irrelevant sounds: A test of the frontal hypothesis of aging. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2564–2568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, B., & Chung, L. (2000). Background television and reading memory in context: Assessing TV interference and facilitative context effects on encoding versus retrieval processes. Communication Research, 27, 327–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2007). Equivalent irrelevant-sound effects for old and young adults. Memory & Cognition, 35(2), 352–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, R., Buchner, A., & Mund, I. (2008). Age-related differences in irrelevant-speech effects. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 377–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilger, R. C., Nuetzel, M. J., Rabinowitz, W. M., & Rzeczkowski, C. (1984). Standardization of a test of speech perception in noise. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 32–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Binchy, M. (2002). Quentin’s. Toronto, Canada: McArthur and Company. doi:10.1044/jshr.2701.32
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. I. (1984). Efficient reading. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, M. C., Hasher, L., Connelly, S. L., & Zacks, R. T. (1995). Aging, distraction, and the benefits of predictable location. Psychology and Aging, 10, 427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly, S. L., Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1991). Age and reading: The impact of distraction. Psychology and Aging, 6, 533–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beni, R., Borella, E., & Carretti, B. (2007). Reading comprehension in aging: The role of working memory and metacomprehension. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(2), 189–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong, P. F., & Das-Smaal, E. (1995). Attention and intelligence: The validity of the star counting test. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(1), 80–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienes, Z. (2008). Understanding psychology as a science: An introduction to scientific and statistical inference.London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5 Retrieved from http://moxy.eclibrary.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2014-40043-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro, M. J., Murphy, D. R., & Van Gerven, P. W. (2010). The role of sensory modality in age-related distraction: A critical review and a renewed view. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 975–1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannon, B., & Daneman, M. (2009). Age-related changes in reading comprehension: An individual-differences perspective. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 432–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E. R., Zacks, R. T., & Rypma, B. (1991). Age and inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17(1), 163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 22, pp. 193–225). San Diego, CA, US: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. E. (2003). Aging and the remembering of text. Developmental Review, 23, 261–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jómagam. (2001). Mézga Géza. Retrieved November, 2005, from http://www.jomagam.hu/mese/index.htm 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
   Google Scholar
• Leiva, A., Andrés, P., & Parmentier, F. B. R. (2015). When aging does not increase distraction: Evidence from pure auditory and visual oddball tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41, 1612–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiva, A., Parmentier, F. B. R., & Andrés, P. (2015a). Aging increases distraction by auditory oddballs in visual, but not auditory tasks. Psychological Research, 79, 401–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiva, A., Parmentier, F. B. R., & Andrés, P. (2015b). Distraction by deviance: Comparing the effects of auditory and visual deviant stimuli on auditory and visual target processing. Experimental Psychology, 62, 54–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. (1971). Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 49, 467–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, R. C., Wogalter, M. S., & Forlano, J. G. (1988). Reading comprehension in the presence of unattended speech and music. The Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 382–398. doi:10.1016/0749-596X(88)90063-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, C. P., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Multhaup, K. S. (1999). Inhibition in the processing of garden-path sentences. Psychology and Aging, 14(2), 304–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer, W. A., De Groot, R. H. M., Van Boxtel, M. P. J., Van Gerven, P. W. M., & Jolles, J. (2006). Verbal learning and aging: Combined effects of irrelevant speech, interstimulus interval, and education. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61, 285–294.
   Google Scholar
• Mund, I., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2012). Aging and interference in story recall. Experimental Aging Research, 38(1), 20–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, C. J., Tremblay, S., & Jones, D. M. (2000). Disruption of comprehension by the meaning of irrelevant sound. Memory, 8(5), 345–350. doi:10.1080/09658210050117762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmentier, F. B. R. (2008). Towards a cognitive model of distraction by auditory novelty: The role of involuntary attention capture and semantic processing. Cognition, 109(3), 345–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmentier, F. B. R., & Andrés, P. (2010). The involuntary capture of attention by sound: Novelty and post novelty distraction in young and older adults. Experimental Psychology, 57, 68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Röer, J. P., Körner, U., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2016). Semantic priming by irrelevant speech. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1186-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau, N., & Belleville, S. (1996). Irrelevant speech effect in aging: An assessment of inhibitory processes in working memory. Journal of Gerontology, 51, 356–363.
   Google Scholar
• Salamé, P., & Baddeley, A. (1982). Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 21, 150–164.
   Google Scholar
• Salamé, P., & Baddeley, A. (1989). Effects of background music on phonological short-term memory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 41, 107–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, B. A., Daneman, M., Murphy, D. R., & Kwong See, S. (2000). Listening to discourse in distracting settings: The effects of aging. Psychology and Aging, 15, 110–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörqvist, P., Nöstl, A., & Halin, N. (2012). Disruption of writing processes by the semanticity of background speech. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, S., Nicholls, A. P., Alford, D., & Jones, D. M. (2000). The irrelevant sound effect: Does speech play a special role? The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 1750–1754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Poll, M. K., Ljung, R., Odelius, J., & Sörqvist, P. (2014). Disruption of writing by background speech: The role of speech transmission index. Applied Acoustics, 81, 15–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gerven, P. W. M., Meijer, W. A., Vermeeren, A., Vuurman, A., & Jolles, J. (2007). The irrelevant speech effect and the level of interference in aging. Experimental Aging Research, 33, 323–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gerven, P. W. M., & Murphy, D. R. (2010). Aging and distraction by irrelevant speech: Does emotional valence matter? Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq048
   Google Scholar