Publication Cover
Experimental Aging Research
An International Journal Devoted to the Scientific Study of the Aging Process
Volume 46, 2020 - Issue 1
1,398
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Benefit of Practice of the Stroop Test in Young and Older Adults: Pattern of Gain and Impact of Educational Level

, , , , , & show all
Pages 52-67 | Received 13 Oct 2017, Accepted 19 Aug 2019, Published online: 18 Nov 2019

References

  • Albert, M. S., Jones, K., Savage, C. R., Berkman, L., Seeman, T., Blazer, D., & Rowe, J. W. (1995). Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 10(4), 578–589. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.10.4.578
  • Angel, L., Bouazzaoui, B., Isingrini, M., Fay, S., Taconnat, L., Vanneste, S., … Remenieras, J.-P. (2018). Brain tissue pulsatility mediates cognitive and electrophysiological changes in normal aging: Evidence from ultrasound tissue pulsatility imaging (TPI). Brain & Cognition, 123, 74–80. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.02.001
  • Anstey, K., & Christensen, H. (2000). Education, activity, health, blood pressure and apolipoprotein E as predictors of cognitive change in old age: A review. Gerontology, 46, 163–177. doi:10.1159/000022153
  • Ardila, A., Ostrosky-Solis, F., Rosselli, M., & Gómez, C. (2000). Age-related cognitive decline during normal aging: The complex effect of education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(6), 495–513. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(99)00040-2
  • Bartels, C., Wegrzyn, M., Wiedl, A., Ackermann, V., & Ehrenreich, H. (2010). Practice effects in healthy adults: A longitudinal study on frequent repetitive cognitive testing. BMC Neuroscience, 11(1), 118. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-118
  • Beglinger, L. J., Gaydos, B., Tangphao-Daniels, O., Duff, K., Kareken, D. A., Crawford, J., … Siemers, E. R. (2005). Practice effects and the use of alternate forms in serial neuropsychological testing. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(4), 517–529. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.12.003
  • Belleville, S., Gilbert, B., Fontaine, F., Gagnon, L., Ménard, É., & Gauthier, S. (2006). Improvement of episodic memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: Evidence from a cognitive intervention program. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22(5), 486–499. doi:10.1159/000096316
  • Belleville, S., Mellah, S., de Boysson, C., Demonet, J. F., & Bier, B. (2014). The pattern and loci of training-induced brain changes in healthy older adults are predicted by the nature of the intervention. PloS One, 9(8), e102710. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102710
  • Bestgen, Y., & Van der Linden, M. (2001). Effet du vieillissement sur L’interférence et L’amorçage négatif dans la tâche de Stroop [Effect of aging on interference and negative priming in the Stroop color-word task]. Archives De Psychologie, 69(270–271), 145–157.
  • Bissig, D., & Lustig, C. (2007). Who benefits from memory training?. Psychological Science, 18(8), 720–726. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01966.x
  • Bruyer, R., & Scailquin, J.-C. (1999). Assessment of visuospatial short-term memory and effect of aging. European Review of Applied Psychology, 49(3), 175–180.
  • Burger, L., Taconnat, L., Angel, L., Plusquellec, P., & Fay, S. (2017). La pratique répétée du trail making test réduit les différences liées à l’âge sur la performance à ce test. [The practice of the trail making test reduces the age-related differences in the performance to this test]. Psychologie Française. doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2017.03.002
  • Davidson, D. J., Zacks, R. T., & Williams, C. C. (2003). Stroop interference, practice, and aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10(2), 85–98. doi:10.1076/anec.10.2.85.14463
  • Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., & Von Cramon, D. Y. (2004). Cognitive control in the posterior frontolateral cortex: Evidence from common activations in task coordination, interference control, and working memory. Neuroimage, 23(2), 604–612. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.007
  • Dorbath, L., Hasselhorn, M., & Titz, C. (2013). Effects of education on executive functioning and its trainability. Educational Gerontology, 39(5), 314–325. doi:10.1080/03601277.2012.700820
  • Dulaney, C. L., & Rogers, W. A. (1994). Mechanisms underlying reduction in Stroop interference with practice for young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(2), 470–484. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.2.470
  • Elliott, R. (2003). Executive functions and their disorders Imaging in clinical neuroscience. British Medical Bulletin, 65(1), 49–59. doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.49
  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
  • Golden, C. J. (1978). Diagnosis and rehabilitation in clinical neuropsychology. Springfiels, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.
  • Hartman, M., & Hasher, L. (1991). Aging and suppression: Memory for previously relevant information. Psychology and Aging, 6(4), 587–594. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.4.587
  • Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 22, 193–225. doi:10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60041-9
  • Hashimoto, R., Meguro, K., Lee, E., Kasai, M., Ishii, H., & Yamaguchi, S. (2006). Effect of age and education on the trail making test and determination of normative data for Japanese elderly people: The Tajiri project. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60(4), 422–428. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01526.x
  • Houx, P. J., Jolles, J., & Vreeling, F. W. (1993). Stroop interference: Aging effects assessed with the Stroop color-word test. Experimental Aging Research, 19(3), 209–224. doi:10.1080/03610739308253934
  • Isingrini, M., & Taconnat, L. (2008). Mémoire épisodique, fonctionnement frontal et vieillissement [Episodic memory, frontal functioning, and aging]. Revue Neurologique, 164, S91–S95. doi:10.1016/S0035-3787(08)73297-1
  • Kalpouzos, G., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2008). Réserve cognitive et fonctionnement cérébral au cours du vieillissement normal et de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Psychologie & NeuroPsychiatrie Du Vieillissement, 6(2), 97–105. doi:10.1684/pnv.2008.0120
  • Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(1), 47–70. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.47
  • Karbach, J., Mang, S., & Kray, J. (2010). Transfer of task-switching training in older age: The role of verbal processes. Psychology and Aging, 25(3), 677–683. doi:10.1037/a0019845
  • Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D., Lawlor, B. A., Robertson, I. H., Walsh, C., & Brennan, S. (2014). The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 15, 28–43. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.004
  • Kieley, J. M., & Hartley, A. A. (1997). Age-related equivalence of identity suppression in the Stroop color-word task. Psychology and Aging, 12(1), 22–29. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.22
  • Li, K. Z. H., & Bosman, E. A. (1996). Age differences in Stroop-like interference as a function of semantic relatedness. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 3(4), 272–284. doi:10.1080/13825589608256630
  • Lövdén, M., Brehmer, Y., Li, S. C., & Lindenberger, U. (2012). Training-induced compensation versus magnification of individual differences in memory performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 141(6), 1–14. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00141
  • Ludwig, C., Borella, E., Tettamanti, M., & De Ribaupierre, A. (2010). Adult age differences in the Color Stroop Test: A comparison between an Item-by-item and a Blocked version. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51(2), 135–414. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.040
  • Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. London: Tavistock. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7741-2
  • Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8–14. doi:10.1177/0963721411429458
  • Moscovitch, M., & Winocur, G. (1992). The neuropsychology of memory and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), The handbook of ageing and cognition (pp. 315–371). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Noiret, N., Vigneron, B., Diogo, M., Vandel, P., & Laurent, É. (2017). Saccadic eye movements: What do they tell us about aging cognition? Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 24(5), 575–599. doi:10.1080/13825585.2016.1237613
  • Panek, P. E., Rush, M. C., & Slade, L. A. (1984). Locus of the age-Stroop interference relationship. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 145(2), 209–216. doi:10.1080/00221325.1984.10532268
  • Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J. (1986). Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales. London, UK: Lewis.
  • Rey-Mermet, A., & Gade, M. (2018). Inhibition in aging: What is preserved? What declines? A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 1695–1716. doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1384-7
  • Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (1991). Age-related differences in the maintenance and modification of automatic processes: Arithmetic Stroop interference. Human Factors: the Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 33(1), 45–56. doi:10.1177/001872089103300104
  • Rönnlund, M., Lövdén, M., & Nilsson, L. G. (2001). Adult age differences in Tower of Hanoi performance: Influence from demographic and cognitive variables. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 8(4), 269–283. doi:10.1076/anec.8.4.269.5641
  • Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The Stroop color and word test. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1–8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557
  • Schmidt, C., Peigneux, P., Cajochen, C., & Collette, F. (2012). Adapting test timing to the sleep-wake schedule: Effects on diurnal neurobehavioral performance changes in young evening and older morning chronotypes. Chronobiology International, 29(4), 482–490. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.658984
  • Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996). Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(2), 461–479. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.461
  • Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 448–460. doi:10.1017/S1355617702813248
  • Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
  • Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
  • Tombaugh, T. N. (2004). Trail making test A and B: Normative data stratified by age and education. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(2), 203–214. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8
  • Van der Elst, W., Van Boxtel, M. P., Van Breukelen, G. J., & Jolles, J. (2006). The stroop color word test: Influence of age, sex, and education; and normative date for a large sample across the adult age range. Assessment, 13, 62–79. doi:10.1177/1073191105283427
  • Van Gerven, P. W., Meijer, W. A., & Jolles, J. (2007). Education does not protect against age-related decline of switching focal attention in working memory. Brain and Cognition, 64(2), 158–163. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.02.005
  • Verhaeghen, P., & De Meersman, L. (1998). Aging and the Stroop effect: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 13(1), 120–126. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.1.120
  • West, R., & Baylis, G. C. (1998). Effects of increased response dominance and contextual disintegration on the Stroop interference effect in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 13(2), 206–217. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.2.206
  • Wilkinson, A. J., & Yang, L. (2012). Plasticity of inhibition in older adults: Retest practice and transfer effects. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 606–615. doi:10.1037/a0025926
  • Zahodne, L. B., Glymour, M. M., Sparks, C., Bontempo, D., Dixon, R. A., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Manly, J. J. (2011). Education does not slow cognitive decline with aging: 12-year evidence from the victoria longitudinal study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17(6), 1039–1046. doi:10.1017/S1355617711001044
  • Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.