The Effect of Central Sensitization on Postoperative Neurocognitive Dysfunction in Hospitalized Elderly Patients: A Prospective Cohort Clinical Trial

References

• Ackerman, I. (2009). Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55, 213. doi:10.1016/S0004-9514(09)70088-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aida, S., Fujihara, H., Taga, K., Fukuda, S., & Shimoji, K. (2000). Involvement of presurgical pain in preemptive analgesia for orthopedic surgery: A randomized double blind study. Pain, 84, 169–173. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00196-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahreini, M., Jalili, M., & Moradi-Lakeh, M. (2015). A comparison of three self-report pain scales in adults with acute pain. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 48(1), 10–18. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.07.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. M., Buenaver, L. F., Finan, P., Bounds, S. C., Redding, M., McCauley, L., ...Smith, M. T. (2015). Sleep, pain catastrophizing, and central sensitization in Knee Osteoarthritis patients with and without Insomnia. Arthritis Care & Research, 67, 1387–1396. doi:10.1002/acr.22609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcole, M., Zamanillo, D., Merlos, M., Fernandez-Pastor, B., Cabanero, D., & Maldonado, R. (2019). Blockade of the Sigma-1 receptor reli eves cognitive and emotional impairments associated to Chronic Osteoarthritis pain. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 468. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerejeira, J., Firmino, H., Vaz-Serra, A., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B. (2010). The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium. Acta Neuropathologica, 119, 737–754. doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0674-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha, M., Lee, K. H., & Lee, B. H. (2020). Astroglial changes in the zona incerta in response to motor cortex stimulation in a rat model of chronic neuropathy. Scientific Reports, 10, 943. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-57797-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheon, S. Y., Kim, J. M., Kam, E. H., Ho, C. C., Kim, E. J., Chung, S., ... Koo, B. N. (2017). Cell-penetrating interactomic inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B in a mouse model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 13482. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14027-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cizmeci, E. A., & Slooter, A. J. C. (2019). Defining perioperative neurocognitive disorders: Still more to clarify. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 123, e468. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.05.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby, G., Culley, D. J., & Hyman, B. T. (2011). Preoperative cognitive assessment of the elderly surgical patient: A call for action. Anesthesiology, 114, 1265–1268. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31821b1bc8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinkohl, I., Winterer, G., Spies, C. D., & Pischon, T. (2017). Cognitive reserve and the risk of postoperative cognitive Dysfunction. Deutsches Arzteblatt international, 114, 110–117. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnell, J. E., Moffitt, C. M., Hesser, L. A., Harrington, E., Melson, M. N., Wood, C. S., & Wood, S. K. (2019). The contribution of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system in the emergence of defeat-induced inflammatory priming. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 79, 102–113. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.01.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosain, A., Jones, S. B., Shankar, R., Gamelli, R. L., & DiPietro, L. A. (2006). Norepinephrine modulates the inflammatory and proliferative phases of wound healing. The Journal of Trauma, 60(4), 736–744. doi:10.1097/01.ta.0000196802.91829.cc
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hensel, A., Angermeyer, M. C., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2007). Measuring cognitive change in older adults: Reliable change indices for the Mini-Mental State Examination. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 78(12), 1298–1303. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.109074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogue, C. W., & Grafman, J. (2018). Aligning nomenclature for cognitive changes associated with anaesthesia and surgery with broader diagnostic classifications of non-surgical populations: A needed first step. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 121, 991–993. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, R., Wang, H., Chen, L., Qiu, Y., & Li, S. (2018). POCD in patients receiving total knee replacement under deep vs light anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial. Brain and Behavior, 8(2), e00910. doi:10.1002/brb3.910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huysmans, E., Ickmans, K., Van Dyck, D., Nijs, J., Gidron, Y., Roussel, N., ... De Kooning, M. (2018). Association between symptoms of central sensitization and cognitive behavioral factors in people with chronic nonspecific low back pain: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 41, 92–101. doi:10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, J. H., Kim, Y. K., Jung, W. M., Kim, H. K., Song, E. M., Kim, H. Y., ...Park, H. J. (2019). Acupuncture Improves Comorbid Cognitive Impairments Induced by Neuropathic Pain in Mice. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13, 995. doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji, R. R., Nackley, A., Huh, Y., Terrando, N., & Maixner, W. (2018). Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology, 129(2), 343–366. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamiya, Y., Hasegawa, M., Yoshida, T., Takamatsu, M., & Koyama, Y. (2018). Impact of pectoral nerve block on postoperative pain and quality of recovery in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: A randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 35, 215–223. doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S. A., Keaser, M. L., Meiller, T. F., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2014). Altered structure and function in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Pain, 155, 1472–1480. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kil, H. K., Kim, W. O., Chung, W. Y., Kim, G. H., Seo, H., & Hong, J. Y. (2012). Preoperative anxiety and pain sensitivity are independent predictors of propofol and sevoflurane requirements in general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 108(1), 119–125. doi:10.1093/bja/aer305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. S., Koh, I. J., Lee, S. Y., & In, Y. (2018). Central sensitization is a risk factor for wound complications after primary total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 26, 3419–3428. doi:10.1007/s00167-018-4914-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, M. S., Koh, I. J., Sohn, S., Kang, B. M., Kwak, D. H., & In, Y. (2019). Central sensitization is a risk factor for persistent postoperative pain and dissatisfaction in patients undergoing revision total Knee arthroplasty. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 34(8), 1740–1748. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2019.03.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., Yoon, K. B., Yoon, D. M., Yoo, J. H., & Ahn, K. R. (2015). Influence of centrally mediated symptoms on postoperative pain in Osteoarthritis patients undergoing total Knee Arthroplasty: A prospective observational evaluation. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, 15(6), E46–53. doi:10.1111/papr.12311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenk, L., Kehlet, H., Baek Hansen, T., Solgaard, S., Soballe, K., & Rasmussen, L. S. (2014). Cognitive dysfunction after fast-track hip and knee replacement. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 118(5), 1034–1040. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kummer, K. K., Mitric, M., Kalpachidou, T., & Kress, M. (2020). The medial prefrontal Cortex as a Central Hub for mental comorbidities associated with chronic pain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10), 3440. doi:10.3390/ijms21103440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. C., Nassikas, N. J., & Clauw, D. J. (2011). The role of the central nervous system in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 13, 211. doi:10.1186/ar3306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, T., Yin, C., Li, Y., Gao, F., Yu, L., Wang, Z., & Wang, Q. (2021). Effects of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation on postoperative cognitive decline in elderly patients: A pilot study. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 16, 757–765. doi:10.2147/CIA.S309082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., Zhou, L. J., Wang, J., Li, D., Ren, W. J., Peng, J., … Liu, X. G. (2017). TNF-α differentially regulates synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and spinal cord by microglia-dependent mechanisms after peripheral nerve injury. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(4), 871–881. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2235-16.2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lluch, E., Torres, R., Nijs, J., …Van Oosterwijck, J. (2014). Evidence for central sensitization in patients with osteoarthritis pain: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Pain (London, England), 18, 1367–1375. doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2014.499.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Ruiz, M., Losilla, J. M., Monfort, J., Portell, M., Gutierrez, T., Poca, V., … Deus, J. (2019). Central sensitization in knee osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia: Beyond depression and anxiety. PLoS One, 14(12), e0225836. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundblad, H., Kreicbergs, A., & Jansson, K. A. (2008). Prediction of persistent pain after total knee replacement for osteoarthritis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British, 90(2), 166–171. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.90B2.19640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer, T. G., Neblett, R., Cohen, H., Howard, K. J., Choi, Y. H., Williams, M. J., … Gatchel, R. J. (2012). The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Practice: The Official Journal of World Institute of Pain, 12(4), 276–285. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00493.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkonen, J., Luomajoki, H., Airaksinen, O., Neblett, R., Selander, T., & Leinonen, V. (2021). Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Finnish version of the central sensitization inventory and its relationship with dizziness and postural control. BMC Neurology, 21, 141. doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02151-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momeni, M., Meyer, S., Docquier, M. A., Lemaire, G., Kahn, D., Khalifa, C., … Watremez, C. (2019). Predicting postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive decline with combined intraoperative electroencephalogram monitoring and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in patients undergoing cardiac interventions. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 33(6), 999–1009. doi:10.1007/s10877-019-00253-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monk, T. G., Weldon, B. C., Garvan, C. W., Dede, D. E., van der Aa, M. T., Heilman, K. M., & Gravenstein, J. S. (2008). Predictors of cognitive dysfunction after major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology, 108, 18–30. doi:10.1097/01.anes.0000296071.19434.1e
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. L., Lyden, A. K., Phillips, K., Clauw, D. J., & Williams, D. A. (2011). Association between pain, radiographic severity, and centrally-mediated symptoms in women with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 63, 1543–1549. doi:10.1002/acr.20583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neblett, R., Cohen, H., Choi, Y., Hartzell, M. M., Williams, M., Mayer, T. G., & Gatchel, R. J. (2013). The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI): Establishing clinically significant values for identifying central sensitivity syndromes in an outpatient chronic pain sample. The Journal of Pain, 14(5), 438–445. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijs, J. (2014). Applying modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: Criteria for the classification of central sensitization pain. Pain Physician, 5;17(5;9), 447–457. doi:10.36076/ppj.2014/17/447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palanca, B. J. A., Wildes, T. S., Ju, Y. S., Ching, S., & Avidan, M. S. (2017). Electroencephalography and delirium in the postoperative period. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 119, 294–307. doi:10.1093/bja/aew475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgeway, S., Wilson, J., Charlet, A., Kafatos, G., Pearson, A., & Coello, R. (2005). Infection of the surgical site after arthroplasty of the hip. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British, 87(6), 844–850. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.87B6.15121
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riedel, B., Browne, K., & Silbert, B. (2014). Cerebral protection: Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 27, 89–97. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. E., Mathias, J. L., & Kneebone, A. C. (2014). Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after total joint arthroplasty in the elderly: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 29(2), 261–267 e261. doi:10.1016/j.arth.2013.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaik, M. A., Chan, Q. L., Xu, J., Xu, X., Hui, R. J., Chong, S. S., … Dong, Y. (2016). Risk factors of cognitive impairment and brief cognitive tests to predict cognitive performance determined by a formal Neuropsychological evaluation of Primary Health Care Patients. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 17, 343–347. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silbert, B. S., Scott, D. A., Evered, L. A., Lewis, M. S., Kalpokas, M., Maruff, P., … Jamrozik, K. (2006). A comparison of the effect of high- and low-dose fentanyl on the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery in the elderly. Anesthesiology, 104, 1137–1145. doi:10.1097/00000542-200606000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slota, C., Shi, A., Chen, G., Bevans, M., & Weng, N. P. (2015). Norepinephrine preferentially modulates memory CD8 T cell function inducing inflammatory cytokine production and reducing proliferation in response to activation. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 46, 168–179. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soga, F., Katoh, N., Inoue, T., & Kishimoto, S. (2007). Serotonin activates human monocytes and prevents apoptosis. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 127, 1947–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniyan, S., & Terrando, N. (2019). Neuroinflammation and Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 128, 781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, M. E., Burns, A. L., Gray, K. L., & DiPietro, L. A. (2001). Age-related alterations in the inflammatory response to dermal injury. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 117, 1027–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, J., Bair, M., & Descalzi, G. (2021). Reactive Astrocytes: Critical Players in the Development of Chronic Pain. Frontiers in Psychiatry / Frontiers Research Foundation, 12, 682056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay, T. L., Savage, J. C., Hui, C. W., Bisht, K., & Tremblay, M. E. (2017). Microglia across the lifespan: From origin to function in brain development, plasticity and cognition. The Journal of Physiology, 595, 1929–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrando, N., Eriksson, L. I., Ryu, J. K., Yang, T., Monaco, C., Feldmann, M., … Maze, M. (2011). Resolving postoperative neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Annals of Neurology, 70, 986–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal, A. I., Altiparmak, B., Korkmaz Toker, M., Dede, G., Sezgin, C., & Gumus Demirbilek, S. (2020). The effect of preoperative anxiety level on mean platelet volume and propofol consumption. BMC Anesthesiology, 20, 34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gool, W. A., van de Beek, D., & Eikelenboom, P. (2010). Systemic infection and delirium: When cytokines and acetylcholine collide. The Lancet, 375, 773–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese, N., Koyanagi, A., Solmi, M., Thompson, T., Maggi, S., Schofield, P., ... Stubbs, B. (2018). Pain is not associated with cognitive decline in older adults: A four-year longitudinal study. Maturitas, 115, 92–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. L., Holroyd-Leduc, J., Simel, D. L., & Straus, S. E. (2010). Does this patient have delirium?: Value of bedside instruments. JAMA, 304, 779–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf, C. J. (2011). Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain, 152, S2–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, L., Liu, Q., Zhu, Y., Zhou, M., Wang, H., Qin, X., & Wang, L. (2019). Association of Preexisting Neurocognitive Impairments and Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders for Hip Joint Replacement Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study. Medical Science Monitor, 25, 4617–4626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunus, M. B. (2007). Role of central sensitization in symptoms beyond muscle pain, and the evaluation of a patient with widespread pain. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Rheumatology, 21, 481–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeevi, N., Pachter, J., McCullough, L. D., Wolfson, L., & Kuchel, G. A. (2010). The blood-brain barrier: Geriatric relevance of a critical brain-body interface. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58, 1749–1757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, W., Ma, X., Xing, Y., Kim, D. K., Wang, A., Jiang, W., & Xu, T. (2020). Blockade of peripheral nociceptive signal input relieves the formation of spinal central sensitization and retains morphine efficacy in a neuropathic pain rat model. Neuroscience Letters, 716, 134643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zis, P., Daskalaki, A., Bountouni, I., Sykioti, P., Varrassi, G., & Paladini, A. (2017). Depression and chronic pain in the elderly: Links and management challenges. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 12, 709–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar