219
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Do elected officials serve the poor on health care? Evidence from a field experiment on members of Congress and state legislators

&
Pages 30-46 | Received 22 Dec 2019, Accepted 31 May 2020, Published online: 05 Aug 2020

References

  • Arnold, R. D. (1990). The logic of congressional action. Yale University Press.
  • Barnes, T. D., & Holman, M. R. (2019). Taking diverse backgrounds into account in studies of political ambition and representation. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 7(4), 829–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2018.1532916
  • Bartels, L. M. (2008). Unequal democracy: The political economy of the new gilded age. Russell Sage Foundation; Princeton University Press.
  • Bishin, B. (2009). Tyranny of the minority: The subconstituency politics theory of representation. Temple University Press.
  • Bishin, B. G. (2000). Constituency influence in congress: Does subconstituency matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 25(3), 389–415. https://doi.org/10.2307/440413
  • Broockman, D. E. (2014). Distorted communication, unequal representation: Constituents communicate less to representatives not of their race. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12068
  • Butler, D. M. (2014). Representing the advantaged: How politicians reinforce inequality. Cambridge University Press.
  • Butler, D. M. (2019). Facilitating field experiments at the subnational level. The Journal of Politics, 81(1), 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1086/700725
  • Butler, D. M., & Broockman, D. E. (2011). Do politicians racially discriminate against constituents? A field experiment on state legislators. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00515.x
  • Butler, D. M., & Crabtree, C. (2017). Moving beyond measurement: Adapting audit studies to test bias-reducing interventions. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 4(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2017.11
  • Butler, D. M., Karpowitz, C. F., & Pope, J. C. (2012). A field experiment on legislators’ home styles: Service versus policy. The Journal of Politics, 74(2), 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611001708
  • Cain, B., Ferejohn, J., & Fiorina, M. (2013). The personal vote: Constituency service and electoral independence. Harvard University Press.
  • Carnes, N. (2012). Does the numerical underrepresentation of the working class in Congress matter? Legislative Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-9162.2011.00033.x
  • Carnes, N. (2013). White-collar government: The hidden role of class in economic policy making. University of Chicago Press.
  • Carnes, N. (2018). The cash ceiling: Why only the rich run for office–and what we can do about it. Princeton University Press.
  • Carnes, N., Holbein, J., & Ha, S. E. (2019). Do public officials exhibit social class biases when they handle casework? Evidence from multiple correspondence experiments. PloS One, 14(3), 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214244
  • Clapp, C. L. (1980). The congressman: His work as he sees it. Greenwood.
  • Clausen, A. (1973). How congressmen decide. St. Martin’s.
  • Costa, M. (2017). How responsive are political elites? A meta-analysis of experiments on public officials. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 4(3), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2017.14
  • Dahl, R. A. (1973). Polyarchy: Participation and opposition. Yale University Press.
  • Desposato, S. (Ed.). (2015). Ethics and experiments: Problems and solutions for social scientists and policy professionals. Routledge.
  • Ellickson, M. C., & Whistler, D. E. (2001). Explaining state legislators‘ casework and public resource allocations. Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), 553–569. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290105400304
  • Ellis, C. (2012). Understanding economic biases in representation: Income, resources, and policy representation in the 110th House. Political Research Quarterly, 65(4), 938–951. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912911427450
  • Eulau, H., & Karps, P. D. (1977). The puzzle of representation: Specifying components of responsiveness. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 2(3), 233–254. https://doi.org/10.2307/439340
  • Fenno, R. F. (1978). Home style: House members in their districts. Harper Collins.
  • Fiorina, M. P. (1978). Economic retrospective voting in American national elections: A micro-analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 22(2), 426–443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110623
  • Flavin, P. (2012). Income inequality and policy representation in the American states. American Politics Research, 40(1), 29–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X11416920
  • Freeman, P. K., & Richardson, L. E. (1996). Explaining variation in casework among state legislators. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 21(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/440157
  • Garand, J. C. (2010). Income inequality, party polarization, and roll-call voting in the US Senate. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1109–1128.
  • Gilens, M. (2005). Inequality and democratic responsiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5), 778–796. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfi058
  • Gilens, M. (2009). Preference gaps and inequality in representation. PS, Political Science & Politics, 42(2), 335–341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096509090441
  • Gilens, M. (2012). Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America. Princeton University Press.
  • Gilens, M., & Page, B. I. (2014). Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(3), 564–581. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714001595
  • Grose, C. R. (2015). Field experiments on elected and public officials: Ethical obligations and requirements. In Ethics and experiments (pp. 241–252). Routledge.
  • Grumbach, J. M. (2015). Does the American dream matter for members of congress? Social-class backgrounds and roll-call votes. Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915572902
  • Hacker, J. S. (2010). The Road to somewhere: Why health reform happened: Or why political scientists who write about public policy shouldn’t assume they know how to shape it. Perspectives on Politics, 8(3), 861–876. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710002021
  • Hayes, D. (2005). Candidate qualities through a partisan lens: A theory of trait ownership. American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), 908–923. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00163.x
  • Hayes, T. J. (2013). Responsiveness in an era of inequality: The case of the US Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 66(3), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912459567
  • Hayes, T. J., & Bishin, B. G. (2012, May). Issue salience, subconstituency politics, and legislative representation. Congress & the Presidency, 39(2), 133–159. Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.1080/07343469.2011.642058
  • Incantalupo, M. B. (2011). Estimating the effects of unemployment on voter turnout [Poster presentation]. Summer Methods Meeting, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University.
  • Jacobs, L. R., & Skocpol, T. (Eds.). (2005). Inequality and American democracy: What we know and what we need to learn. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) Report. (2017). Key facts about the uninsured population. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/
  • Kalla, J. L., & Broockman, D. E. (2016). Campaign contributions facilitate access to congressional officials: A randomized field experiment. American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 545–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12180
  • Lax, J. R., Phillips, J. H., & Zelizer, A. (2019). The party or the purse? Unequal representation in the US senate. American Political Science Review, 113(4), 917–940. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000315
  • Leonhardt, D. (2010, March 23). In health care bill, Obama attacks wealth inequality. NY Times.
  • Lewis, D. E., & Wood, A. K. (2012). The paradox of agency responsiveness: A federal FOIA experiment. Working Paper. Vanderbilt University. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/csdi/research/CSDI_WP_06-2012.pdf
  • Lovelace, J. B. (2018, December 15). Here’s how Trump hobbled Obamacare and drove enrollment down this year. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/15/heres-how-trump-hobbled-obamacare-and-drove-enrollment-down.html
  • Lowande, K., Ritchie, M., & Lauterbach, E. (2019). Descriptive and substantive representation in congress: Evidence from 80,000 congressional inquiries. American Journal of Political Science, 63(3), 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12443
  • Maestas, C. (2003). The incentive to listen: Progressive ambition, resources, and opinion monitoring among state legislators. The Journal of Politics, 65(2), 439–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.t01-3-00008
  • Mayhew, D. R. (1974). Congress: The electoral connection. Yale University Press.
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of political ideology and unequal riches.
  • Mendez, M. S., & Grose, C. R. (2014). Revealing discriminatory intent: Legislator preferences, voter identification, and responsiveness bias. USC CLASS Research Paper, pp. 14–17.
  • National Conference on State Legislators. (2015). Who we elect: The demographics of state legislatures. http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/who-we-elect.aspx
  • Norris, P. (1997). The puzzle of constituency service. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 3(2), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/13572339708420508
  • Oppenheimer, B. I. (1996). The representational experience: The effect of state population on senator-constituency linkages. American Journal of Political Science, 40(4), 1280–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111751
  • Petrocik, J. R. (1996). Issue ownership in presidential elections, with a 1980 case study. American Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 825. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111797
  • Petrocik, J. R., Benoit, W. L., & Hansen, G. J. (2003). Issue ownership and presidential campaigning, 1952-2000. Political Science Quarterly, 118(4), 599–626. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00407.x
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Rainey, C. (2014). Arguing for a negligible effect. American Journal of Political Science, 58(4), 1083–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12102
  • Ritchie, M. N. (2018). Back-channel representation: A study of the strategic communication of senators with the US Department of Labor. The Journal of Politics, 80(1), 240–253.
  • Schnattschneider, E. E. (1960). The semi-sovereign people. Holt, Reinhart and Winston.
  • Serra, G., & Cover, A. D. (1992). The electoral consequences of perquisite use: The casework case. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 233–246.
  • Serra, G., & Moon, D. (1994). Casework, issue positions, and voting in congressional elections: A district analysis. The Journal of Politics, 56(1), 200–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132353
  • Soroka, S. N., & Wlezien, C. (2008). On the limits to inequality in representation. PS, Political Science & Politics, 41(2), 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096508080505
  • Tavernise, S. (2014). Number of Americans without health insurance falls, survey shows. New York Times.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.
  • White, A. R., Nathan, N. L., & Faller, J. K. (2015). What do I need to vote? Bureaucratic discretion and discrimination by local election officials. American Political Science Review, 109(1), 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000562

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.