684
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Race, inequality, and social capital in the U.S. counties

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 153-171 | Received 06 Feb 2020, Accepted 18 Jul 2020, Published online: 09 Sep 2020

References

  • Abramowitz, A. (2017). It wasn’t the economy, stupid: Racial polarization, white racial resentment and the rise of Trump. In L. Sabato, K. Kondik, & G. Skelley (Eds.), Trumped: The 2016 election that broke all the rules (pp. 202–210). Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Alesina, A., Baqir, R., & Easterly, W. (1999). Public goods and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(4), 1243–1284. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556269
  • Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2000). Participation in heterogeneous communities. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 847–904. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554935
  • Alex‐Assensoh, Y., & Assensoh, A. (2001). Inner‐city contexts, church attendance, and African‐American political participation. Journal of Politics, 63(3), 886–901. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00092
  • Blalock, H. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. Capricorn Books.
  • Blau, P. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity: A primitive theory of social structure. Free Press.
  • Blau, P., Beeker, C., & Fitzpatrick, K. (1984). Intersecting social affiliations and intermarriage. Social Forces, 62(3), 585–606. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578701
  • Blau, P., Blum, T., & Schwartz, J. (1982). Heterogeneity and intermarriage. American Sociological Review, 47(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095041
  • Boix, C., & Posner, D. (1998). Social capital: Explaining its origins and effects on government performance. British Journal of Political Science, 28(4), 686–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123498000313
  • Bossuroy, T., & Selway, J. (2011, January 20). Social divisions and interpersonal transfers in India. OECD Conference on Social Cohesion and Development.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood.
  • Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. (2006). Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses. Political Analysis, 14(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpi014
  • Branton, R., & Jones, B. (2005). Reexamining racial attitudes: The conditional relationship between diversity and socioeconomic environment. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 359–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00128.x
  • Braumoeller, B. (2004). Hypothesis testing and multiplicative interaction terms. International Organization, 58(4), 807–820. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304040251
  • Brehm, J., & Rahn, W. (1997). Individual-level evidence for the causes and consequences of social capital. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 999–1023. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111684
  • Brown, K., & Brown, R. (2003). Faith and works: Church based social capital resources and African American political activism. Social Forces, 82(2), 617–641. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2004.0005
  • Brunch, E. (2014). How population structure shapes neighborhood segregation. American Journal of Sociology, 119(5), 1221–1278. https://doi.org/10.1086/675411
  • Calhoun-Brown, A. (1996). African American churches and political mobilization: The psychological impact of organizational resources. Journal of Politics, 58(4), 935–953. https://doi.org/10.2307/2960144
  • Chambers, J., Swan, L., & Heesacker, M. (2014). Better off than we know: Distorted perceptions of incomes and income inequality in America. Psychological Science, 25(2), 613–618. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613504965
  • Coffé, H., & Geys, B. (2006). Community heterogeneity: A burden for the creation of social capital? Social Science Quarterly, 87(s1), 1053–1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00415.x
  • Coleman, J. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95–S120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943
  • Dahl, R. (1956). A preface to democratic theory. Chicago University Press.
  • Dinesen, P., & Sønderskov, K. (2015). Ethnic diversity and social trust: Evidence from the micro-context. American Sociological Review, 80(3), 550–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415577989
  • Dunning, T., & Harrison, L. (2010). Cross-cutting cleavages and ethnic voting: An experiment study of cousinage in Mali. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990311
  • Fairbrother, M., & Martin, I. (2013). Does inequality erode social trust? Results from multilevel models of US states and counties. Social Science Research, 42(2), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.008
  • Farris, E., & Holman, M. (2014). Social capital and solving the puzzle of black women’s political participation. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 2(3), 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/21565503.2014.925813
  • Fieldhouse, E., & Cutts, D. (2010). Does diversity damage social capital? A comparative study of neighbourhood diversity and social capital in the US and Britain. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 43(2), 289–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423910000065
  • Finseraas, H., & Jakobsson, N. (2012). Trust and ethnic fractionalization: The importance of religion as a cross-cutting dimension. Kyklos, 65(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2012.00541.x
  • Freitag, M. (2006). Bowling the state back in: Political institutions and the creation of social capital. European Journal of Political Research, 45(1), 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00293.x
  • Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and development. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144
  • Gelman, A., & Hill, J. (2007). Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gesthuizen, M., Van der Meer, T., & Scheepers, P. (2009). Ethnic diversity and social capital in Europe: Tests of Putnam’s thesis in European countries. Scandinavian Political Studies, 32(2), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00217.x
  • Giles, M., & Buckner, M. (1993). David Duke and black threat: An old hypothesis revisited. The Journal of Politics, 55(3), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131995
  • Gimpelson, V., & Treisman, D. (2018). Misperceiving inequality. Economics & Politics, 30(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12103
  • Harris-Lacewell, M. (2004). Barbers, bibles, and BET: Everyday talk and black political thought. Princeton University Press.
  • Hawes, D. (2017). Social capital, racial context, and incarcerations in the American states. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 17(4), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532440017720776
  • Hawes, D., & Rocha, R. (2011). Social capital, racial diversity, and equity: Evaluating the determinants of equity in the United States. Political Research Quarterly, 64(4), 924–937. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910379231
  • Hero, R. (2003). Social capital and racial inequality in America. Perspectives on Politics, 1(1), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592703000094
  • Hero, R. (2007). Racial diversity and social capital: Equality and community in America. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hero, R., & Levy, M. (2016). The racial structure of economic inequality in the United States: Understanding change and continuity in an era of “great divergence.” Social Science Quarterly, 97(3), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12327
  • Hero, R., & Tolbert, C. (1996). A racial/ethnic diversity interpretation of politics and policy in the states of the US. American Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 851–871. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111798
  • Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., & Glass, R. (1999). Social capital and self-rated health: A contextual analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 89(8), 1187–1193. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.8.1187
  • Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87(9), 1491–1498. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.9.1491
  • Keele, L. (2007). Social capital and the dynamics of trust in government. American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00248.x
  • Key, V. O. (1949). Southern politics in state and nation. University of Tennessee Press.
  • Knack, S. (2002). Social capital, growth and poverty: A survey of cross-country evidence. In C. Grootaert & T. Van Bastelaer (Eds.), The role of social capital in development: An empirical assessment (pp. 42–82), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Knack, S. (2003). Groups, growth and trust: Cross-country evidence on the Olson and Putnam hypotheses. Public Choice, 117(3–4), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PUCH.0000003736.82456.04
  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475
  • Krishna, A. (2002). Enhancing political participation in democracies: What is the role of social capital? Comparative Political Studies, 35(4), 437–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035004003
  • Kumlin, S., & Rothstein, B. (2005). Making and breaking social capital: The impact of welfare-state institutions. Comparative Political Studies, 38(4), 339–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004273203
  • Leigh, A. (2006). Trust, inequality and ethnic heterogeneity. The Economic Record, 82(258), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2006.00339.x
  • Letki, N. (2008). Does diversity erode social cohesion? Social capital and race in British neighbourhoods. Political Studies, 56(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00692.x
  • Lipset, S. (1960). Political man: The social bases of politics. Doubleday.
  • Lipset, S., & Rokkan, S. (1967). Cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments: An introduction. In S. Lipset & S. Rokkan (Eds.), Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives (pp. 1–64). Free Press.
  • Liu, B., Austin, S. D. W., & Orey, B. D. (2009). Church attendance, social capital, and black voting participation. Social Science Quarterly, 90(3), 576–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00632.x
  • Mangum, M. (2011). Explaining political trust among African Americans: Examining demographic, media, and social capital and social networks effects. The Social Science Journal, 48(4), 589–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.03.002
  • Marschall, M., & Stolle, D. (2004). Race and the city: Neighborhood context and the development of generalized trust. Political Behavior, 26(2), 125–153. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:POBE.0000035960.73204.64
  • Newton, K. (2001). Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy. International Political Science Review, 22(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512101222004
  • Norton, M., & Ariely, D. (2011). Building a better America—One wealth quintile at a time. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610393524
  • Oliver, E., & Wong, J. (2003). Intergroup prejudice in multiethnic settings. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.2307/3186119
  • Paarlberg, L., Hoyman, M., & McCall, J. (2018). Heterogeneity, income inequality, and social capital: A new perspective. Social Science Quarterly, 99(2), 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12454
  • Patulny, R. V., & Svendsen, G. L. H. (2007). Exploring the social capital grid: bonding, bridging, qualitative, quantitative. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27(1/2), 32–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330710722742
  • Paxton, P. (2002). Social capital and democracy: An interdependent relationship. American Sociological Review, 67(2), 254–277. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088895
  • Pew Research Center. (2015, December 9). The American middle class is losing ground: No longer the majority and falling behind financially [Report]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground/
  • Phan, M. (2008). We’re all in this together: Context,contacts, and social trust in Canada. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8(1), 23–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2008.00151.x
  • Powell, B. (1976). Political cleavage structure, cross-pressure processes, and partisanship: An empirical test of the theory. American Journal of Political Science, 20(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110506
  • Putnam, R. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
  • Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(4), 664–683.
  • Putnam, R. (2001). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. (2007). E pluribus unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x
  • Putzel, J. (1997). Accounting for the “dark side” of social capital: Reading Robert Putnam on democracy. Journal of International Development, 9(7), 939–949. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199711)9:7<939::AID-JID497>3.0.CO;2-4
  • Reardon, S., Fox, L., & Townsend, J. (2015). Neighborhood income composition by household race and income, 1990–2009. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 660(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716215576104
  • Ritter, M., & Solt, F. (2017). Economic inequality and campaign participation. Social Science Quarterly, 100(3), 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12605
  • Rupasingha, A., Goetz, S., & Freshwater, D. (2006). The production of social capital in US counties. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.001
  • Sampson, R. (1984). Group size, heterogeneity, and intergroup conflict: A test of Blau’s inequality and heterogeneity. Social Forces, 62(3), 618–639. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578703
  • Satyanath, S., Voigtlander, N., & Voth, H.-J. (2017). Bowling for fascism: Social capital and the rise of the Nazi party. Journal of Political Economy, 125(2), 478–526. https://doi.org/10.1086/690949
  • Seligson, A. (1999). Civic association and democratic participation in Central America: A test of the Putnam thesis. Comparative Political Studies, 32(3), 342–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414099032003003
  • Siahpush, M., Borland, R., Taylor, J., Singh, G., Ansari, Z., & Serraglio, A. (2006). The association of smoking with perception of income inequality, relative material well-being, and social capital. Social Science & Medicine, 63(11), 2801–2812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.015
  • Snijders, T. A. B., & Bosker, R. J. (2011). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. SAGE.
  • Sobel, J. (2002). Can we trust social capital? Journal of Economic Literature, 40(1), 139–154. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.40.1.139
  • Solt, F. (2010). Does economic inequality depress electoral participation? Testing the Schattschneider hypothesis. Political Behavior, 32(2), 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9106-0
  • Solt, F. (2011). Diversionary nationalism: Economic inequality and the formation of national pride. The Journal of Politics, 73(3), 821–830. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002238161100048X
  • Solt, F., Kim, D., Lee, K. Y., Willardson, S., & Kim, S. (2014). Neoliberal reform and protest in Latin American democracies: A replication and correction. Research and Politics, 1(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168014545413
  • Soss, J., & Jacobs, L. (2009). The place of inequality: Non‐participation in the American polity. Political Science Quarterly, 124(1), 95–125. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00643.x
  • Steenbergen, M. R., & Jones, B. S. (2002). Modeling multilevel data structures. American Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 218–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088424
  • Stolle, D., & Rochon, T. (1998). Are all associations alike?: Member diversity, associational type, and the creation of social capital. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764298042001005
  • Stolle, D., Soroka, S., & Johnston, R. (2008). When does diversity erode trust? Neighborhood diversity, interpersonal trust and the mediating effect of social interactions. Political Studies, 56(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00717.x
  • Sturgis, P., Brunton-Smith, I., Kuha, J., & Jackson, J. (2014). Ethnic diversity, segregation and the social cohesion of neighbourhoods in London. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(8), 1286–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.831932
  • Tolbert, C., & Grummel, J. (2003). Revisiting the racial threat hypothesis: White voter support for California’s Proposition 209. State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 3(2), 183–202.
  • Tolsma, J., Van der Meer, T., & Gesthuizen, M. (2009). The impact of neighbourhood and municipality characteristics on social cohesion in the Netherlands. Acta Politica, 44(3), 286–313. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2009.6
  • Uribe, C. A. (2014). The dark side of social capital re-examined from a policy analysis perspective: Networks of trust and corruption. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 16(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2012.741441
  • Uslaner, E. (2004). Trust and social bonds: Faith in others and policy outcomes reconsidered. Political Research Quarterly, 57(3), 501–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290405700314
  • Uslaner, E., & Brown, M. (2005). Inequality, trust, and civic engagement. American Politics Research, 33(6), 868–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X04271903
  • Valdivieso, P., & Villena-Roldan, B. (2014). Opening the black box of social capital formation. American Political Science Review, 108(1), 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000658
  • Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, 15(2), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225
  • Wright, M. (2015). Economic inequality and the social capital gap in the United States across time and space. Political Studies, 63(3), 642–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12113

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.