Divided government and the bias against presidential restraint

References

• Acton, J. E. E. D. (1986). Selected writings of lord acton: Essays in the study and writing of history (Vol. 2). Liberty Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Alesina, A. (2000). The political economy of the budget surplus in the United States. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alesina, A., & Rosenthal, H. (1995). Partisan politics, divided government, and the economy. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alt, J. E., & Lowry, R. C. (1994). Divided government, fiscal institutions, and budget deficits: Evidence from the states. American Political Science Review, 88(4), 811–828. https://doi.org/10.2307/2082709
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athey, S., & Imbens, G. W. (2017). The state of applied econometrics: Causality and policy evaluation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, T. A. (1966). Presidential greatness: The image and the man from George Washington to the present. Appleton-Century.
   Google Scholar
• Besley, T., & Case, A. (2003). Political institutions and policy choices: Evidence from the United States. Journal of Economic Literature, 41(1), 7–73. https://doi.org/10.1257/002205103321544693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, S. A. (1999). The dynamics of legislative gridlock, 1947–96. American Political Science Review, 93(3), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/2585572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinder, A. S., & Watson, M. W. (2016). Presidents and the US economy: An econometric exploration. American Economic Review, 106(4), 1015–1045. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20140913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagno, P., & Hall, J. C. (2020). Formal and informal constraints on state government and economic freedom. Economics Bulletin, 40(1), 801–806. http://www.accessecon.com/Pubs/EB/2020/Volume40/EB-20-V40-I1-P67.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, H. L., & Ohanian, L. E. (1999). The great depression in the United States from a neoclassical perspective. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 23(Winter), 2–24. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.28.2431&rep=rep1&type=pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cole, H. L., & Ohanian, L. E. (2004). New deal policies and the persistence of the great depression: A general equilibrium analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 112(4), 779–816. https://doi.org/10.1086/421169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, J. J. (1999). Unified government, divided government, and party responsiveness. American Political Science Review, 93(4), 821–835. https://doi.org/10.2307/2586115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, G. W., & McCubbins, M. D. (Eds.). (1991a). Divided control of fiscal policy. In The politics of divided government (pp. 155–175). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, G. W., & McCubbins, M. D. (2007). Legislative leviathan: Party government in the house. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crockett, D. A. (2002). The opposition presidency: Leadership and the constraints of history. Texas A&M University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crockett, D. A. (2003). Samson unbound: Opposition presidents and the failure of party leadership. Social Science Journal, 40(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(03)00036-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crucini, M. J., & Kahn, J. (1996). Tariffs and aggregate economic activity: Lessons from the Great Depression. Journal of Monetary Economics, 38(3), 427–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(96)01298-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C-SPAN. (2017). Presidential historians survey, 2017. C-SPAN. https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=press.
   Google Scholar
• Curry, J. L., & Morris, I. L. (2010). The contemporary presidency: Explaining presidential greatness: The roles of peace and prosperity? Presidential Studies Quarterly, 40(3), 515–530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23044923
   Google Scholar
• De Mesquita, B. B., & Smith, A. (2016). The spoils of war: Greed, power, and the conflicts that made our greatest presidents. Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• DiClerico, R. E. (1979). The American president. Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, G. C., III, Barrett, A., & Peake, J. (1997). The legislative impact of divided government. American Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 545–563. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111776
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber, C. F., & Faber, R. B. (2012). The American presidents ranked by performance, 1789–2012. McFarland.
   Google Scholar
• Felzenberg, A. S. (2010). The leaders we deserved (and a few we didn’t): Rethinking the presidential rating game. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fiorina, M. P., & Fiorina, M. P. (1996). Divided government. Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Fishback, P. (2017). How successful was the new deal? The microeconomic impact of new deal spending and lending policies in the 1930s. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(4), 1435–1485. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishback, P. (2018). The newest on the New Deal. Essays in Economic & Business History, 36(1), 1–22. https://www.ebhsoc.org/journal/index.php/ebhs/article/view/43
   Google Scholar
• Folsom, B. W. (2009). New deal or raw deal?: How FDR’s economic legacy has damaged America. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Greenstein, F. (1988). The hidden-hand presidency. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Greenstein, F. I. (1979). Eisenhower as an activist president: A look at new evidence. Political Science Quarterly, 94(4), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2149627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, A. (1818/2001). Federalist no. 70. In The Federalist: The Gideon edition. Liberty Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, D. R., & Gochenour, Z. (2013). War and Presidential Greatness. The Independent Review, 17(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2029774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, S. (2009). Great apprehensions, prolonged depression: Gauti Eggertsson on the 1930s. Econ Journal Watch, 6(3), 313–336. https://econjwatch.org/File+download/8/ejw_com_sep09_horwitz.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, W. G. (2003). Power without persuasion: The politics of direct presidential action. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, W. G., & Moe, T. M. (2016). Relic: How our constitution undermines effective government—and why we need a more powerful presidency. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hummel, J. R. (1999). Martin Van Buren: The greatest American president. The Independent Review, 4(2), 255–281. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24560894?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
   Google Scholar
• Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015). Causal inference in statistics, social, and biomedical sciences. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston. L., & Williamson. S. H. (2020). What Was the U.S. GDP Then? MeasuringWorth
   Google Scholar
• Karol, D. (2000). Divided government and US trade policy: Much ado about nothing? International Organization, 54(4), 825–844. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081800551389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenney, P. J., & Rice, T. W. (1988). The contextual determinants of presidential greatness. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 18(1), 161–169. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27550541
   Google Scholar
• Krause, G. A., & Melusky, B. F. (2012). Concentrated powers: Unilateral executive authority and fiscal policymaking in the American states. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381611001149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann, S., & O’Halloran, S. (1994). Divided government and US trade policy: Theory and evidence. International Organization, 48(4), 595–632. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300028320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew, D. R. (1991). Divided we govern. Yale University.
   Google Scholar
• McCubbins, M. D. (1991). Party governance and US budget deficits: Divided government and fiscal stalemate. In A. Alesina & G. Carliner (Eds.), Politics and economics in the eighties (pp. 83–122). University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moe, T. M., & Howell, W. G. (1999a). The presidential power of unilateral action. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 132–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe, T. M., & Howell, W. G. (1999b). Unilateral action and presidential power: A theory. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 29(4), 850–873. https://doi.org/10.1111/1741-5705.00070
   Google Scholar
• Murray, R. K., & Blessing, T. H. (1983). The presidential performance study: A progress report. The Journal of American History, 70(3), 535–555. https://doi.org/10.2307/1903482
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, T. C., Fishback, P. V., & Kantor, S. (2010). The dynamics of relief spending and the private urban labor market during the New Deal. The Journal of Economic History, 70(1), 195–220. https://doi.org/10.3386/w13692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, C. (2012). The presidential ranking game: Critical review and some new discoveries. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 42(2), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-5705.2012.03966.x
   Google Scholar
• Niskanen, W. A. (2008). Reflections of a political economist: Selected articles on government policies and political processes. Cato Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ohanian, L. E. (2009). What—or who—started the great depression? Journal of Economic Theory, 144(6), 2310–2335. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pafford, J. M. (2013). The forgotten conservative: Rediscovering Grover Cleveland. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Polsby, N. W. (1977). Against presidential greatness. Commentary, 63(1), 61–65. https://search.proquest.com/openview/5810ee9e01ec30be5cc05b09734f9567/1?cbl=1816616&pq-origsite=gscholar
   Google Scholar
• Potrafke, N. (2018). Government ideology and economic policy-making in the United States—a survey. Public Choice, 174(1–2), 145–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-017-0491-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohlfs, C., Sullivan, R., & McNab, R. (2015). Can the president really affect economic growth? Presidential effort and the political business cycle. Economic Inquiry, 53(1), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, J. D. (2010). Hoover’s truce: Wage rigidity in the onset of the Great Depression. The Journal of Economic History, 70(4), 843–870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050710000744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottinghaus, B., & Vaughn, J. S. (2017). Presidential greatness and political science: Assessing the 2014 APSA presidents and executive politics section presidential greatness survey. PS, Political Science & Politics, 50(3), 824–830. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517000671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlesinger, A. M. (1948). Historians rate the US presidents. Life, 25(18), 65–66.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, R. (2002). Delegation, ratification, and US trade policy: Why divided government causes lower tariffs. Comparative Political Studies, 35(10), 1171–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/001041402237947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieber, S., & Izraeli, O. (2018). US state government economic and social performance: Unified vs. divided and Democrat vs. Republican controlled state governments. International Social Science Review, 94(3), 4–24. https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1327&context=issr
   Google Scholar
• Siena Research Institute. (2017). Presidential historians survey, 2017. Siena Research Institute. https://scri.siena.edu/us-presidents-study/us-presidents-study-historical-rankings
   Google Scholar
• Simonton, D. K. (1986). Presidential greatness: The historical consensus and its psychological significance. Political Psychology, 7(2), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonton, D. K. (1991). Predicting presidential greatness: An alternative to the Kenney and Rice Contextual Index. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 21(2), 301–305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550719
   Google Scholar
• Skowronek, S. (2011). Presidential leadership in political time: Reprise and reappraisal. University Press of Kansas.
   Google Scholar
• Smiley, G. (2002). Rethinking the great depression. Ivan R. Dee.
   Google Scholar
• Sobel, R. (2000). Coolidge: An American enigma. Regnery Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sumner, S. B. (2015). The Midas paradox: Financial markets, government policy shocks, and the great depression. Independent Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E. (2002). The output effects of government sponsored cartels during the New Deal. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 50(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6451.00164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E. (2019). Deconstructing the monolith: The microeconomics of the national industrial recovery act. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. E., & Neumann, T. C. (2016). Recovery spring, faltering fall: March to November 1933. Explorations in Economic History, 61, 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2016.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, M. Z. (2012). An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach. PS, Political Science & Politics, 45(4), 596–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096512000698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J. E., & Simon, A. (2011). Partisanship as a source of presidential rankings. White House Studies, 11(1), 1–14. http://www.joeuscinski.com/uploads/7/1/9/5/71957435/partisan_bias_in_rankings.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vedder, R., & Gallaway, L. (2001). Rating presidential performance. In J. V. Denson (Ed.), Reassessing the presidency: The rise of the executive state and the decline of freedom (pp. 1–31). Mises Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Vedder, R. K., & Gallaway, L. E. (1997). Out of work: Unemployment and government in twentieth-century America. NYU Press.
   Google Scholar