898
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Prevalence and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescent Mothers: Results from a 17-Year Longitudinal Study

, &
Pages 525-545 | Received 13 Feb 2011, Accepted 26 Jun 2011, Published online: 05 Oct 2011

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, , fourth edition , Washington , DC : Author .
  • Apfel , N. H. and Seitz , V. 1991 . Four models of adolescent mother-grandmother relationships in black inner-city families . Fam Relat , 40 : 421 – 9 .
  • Beeghly , M. , Olson , K. L. , Weinberg , M. K. , Pierre , S. C. , Downey , N. and Tronick , E. Z. 2003 . Prevalence, stability, and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms in Black mothers during the first 18 months postpartum . Matern Child Health J , 7 : 157 – 68 .
  • Beydoun , H. A. , As-Sahab , B. , Beydoun , M. A. and Tamim , H. 2010 . Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression among Canadian women in the Maternity Experience Survey . Ann Epiemiol , 20 : 575 – 83 .
  • Birkeland , R. , Thompson , J. K. and Phares , V. 2005 . Adolescent motherhood and postpartum depression . J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol , 34 : 292 – 300 .
  • Bonomi , A. , Thompson , R. , Anderson , M. , Reid , R. , Carrell , D. and Dimer , J. 2006 . Intimate partner violence and women's physical, mental, and social functioning . Am J Prev Med , 30 : 458 – 66 .
  • Brennan , P. A. , Hammen , C. , Anderson , M. J. , Bor , W. , Najman , J. and Williams , G. M. 2000 . Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: Relationships with child outcomes at age 5 . Dev Psychol , 36 : 759 – 66 .
  • Caldwell , C. H. , Antonucci , T. C. and Jackson , J. S. 1998 . Supportive/conflictual family relations and depressive symptomatology: Teenage mother and grandmother perspectives . Fam Relat , 47 : 395 – 402 .
  • Campbell , J. and Soeken , K. 1999 . Women's responses to battering over time: An analysis of change . J Interpers Violence , 14 : 21 – 40 .
  • Campbell , J. and Lewandowski , L. 1997 . Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children . Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am , 20 : 353 – 74 .
  • Campbell , R. , Sullivan , C. and Davidson , W. 1995 . Women who use domestic violence shelters: Changes in depression over time . Psychol Women Q , 19 : 237 – 55 .
  • Carter , A. , Garrity–Rokous , F. , Chazan–Cohen , R. , Little , C. and Briggs-Gowan , M. 2001 . Maternal depression and comorbidity: Predicting early parenting, attachment security, and toddler social-emotional problems and competencies . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 40 : 18 – 26 .
  • Chen , X. , Wen , S. , Fleming , N. , Demissie , K. , Rhoads , G. and Walker , M. 2007 . Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcome: A population based retrospective cohort study . Int J Epidemiol , 36 : 368 – 73 .
  • Coker , A. , Davis , K. , Arias , I. , Desai , S. , Sanderson , M. , Brandt , H. and Smith , P. 2002 . Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women . Am J Prev Med , 23 : 260 – 8 .
  • Cummings , E. and Davies , P. 1994 . Maternal depression and child development . J Child Psychol Psychiat , 35 : 73 – 112 .
  • Deal , L. W. and Holt , V. L. 1998 . Young maternal age and depressive symptoms: results from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey . Am J Public Health , 88 : 266 – 70 .
  • Deave , T. , Heron , J. , Evans , J. and Emond , A. 2008 . The impact of maternal depression in pregnancy on early child development . BJOG , 115 : 1043 – 51 .
  • Derogatis , L. 1993 . Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual, , third ed , Minneapolis , NN : National Computer Systems, Inc. .
  • Derogatis , L. and Melisaratos , N. 1983 . The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report . Psychiatr Med , 13 : 595 – 605 .
  • Derogatis , L. R. 1975 . The SCL-90-R , Baltimore : Clinical Psychometric Research .
  • Edin , K. and Kefalas , M. 2005 . Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before marriage , Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press .
  • Essex , M. J. , Klein , M. H. , Miech , R. and Smider , N. A. 2001 . Timing and exposure to maternal major depression and children's mental health symptoms in kindergarten . Br J Psychiatry , 179 : 151 – 6 .
  • Field , T. M. 2000 . “ Infants of depressed mothers ” . In Stress, coping, and depression , Edited by: Johnson , S. L. , Hayes , A. M. , Fields , T. M. , Schneiderman , N. and McCabe , P. M. 1 – 22 . Mahwah : L. Erlbaum Associates .
  • Figueiredo , B. , Pacheco , A. and Costa , R. 2007 . Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period in adolescent and adult Portuguese mothers . Arch Womens Ment Health , 10 : 103 – 9 .
  • Fletcher , J. and Wolfe , B. 2008 . Education and labor market consequences of teenage childbearing: Evidence using the timing of pregnancy: Outcomes and community fixed effects . J Hum Resour , 44 : 303 – 25 .
  • Fraser , A. , Brockert , J. and Ward , R. 1995 . Associations of young maternal age with adverse reproductive outcomes . N Engl J Med , 332 : 1113 – 7 .
  • Furstenberg , F. 1991 . As the pendulum swings: Teenage childbearing and social concern . Fam Relat , 40 : 127 – 38 .
  • Furstenberg , F. , Brooks Gunn , J. and Morgan , P. 1987 . Adolescent mothers and their children in later life . Fam Plann Perspect , 19 : 142 – 51 .
  • Gaynes , B. N. , Gavin , N. , Meltzer-Brody , S. , Lohr , K. , Swinson , T. Gartlehner , G. 2005 . Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes , Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Evidence report/technology assessment 119; AHRQ publication 05-E006–2
  • Geronimus , A. and Korenman , S. 1993 . Maternal youth or family background? On the health disadvantages of infants with teenage mothers . Am J Epidemiol , 137 : 213 – 25 .
  • Geronimus , A. 1991 . Teenage childbearing and social reproductive disadvantage: the evolution of complex questions and the demise of simple answers . Fam Relat , 40 : 463 – 71 .
  • Golding , J. 1999 . Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis . J Fam Violence , 14 : 99 – 132 .
  • Gueorguieva , R. V. , Carter , R. L. , Ariet , M. , Roth , J. , Mahan , C. S. and Resnick , M. B. 2001 . Effect of teenage pregnancy on educational disabilities in kindergarten . Am J Epidemiol , 154 : 212 – 20 .
  • Harrykissoon , S. , Rickert , V. and Wiemann , C. 2002 . Prevalence and patterns of intimate partner violence among adolescent mothers during the postpartum period . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , 156 : 325 – 30 .
  • Hasin , D. , Goodwin , R. , Stinson , F. and Grant , B. 2005 . Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 62 : 1097 – 106 .
  • Haveman , R. , Wolfe , B. and Peterson , E. 1997 . “ Children of early child bearers as young adults ” . In Kids having kids , Edited by: Maynard , R. 257 – 84 . Washington : The Urban Institute Press .
  • Horowitz , S. , Briggs Gown , J. , Storfer-Isser , A. and Carter , A. 2009 . Persistence of maternal depressive symptoms throughout the early years of childhood . J Womens Health , 18 : 637 – 45 .
  • Jaffee , S. , Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. , Belsky , J. and Silva , P. 2001 . Why are children born to teen mothers at risk for adverse outcomes in young adulthood? Results from a 20-year longitudinal study . Dev Psychopathol , 13 : 377 – 97 .
  • Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. and Bachman , J. G. 1988 . Illicit drug use, smoking, and drinking by American's high school students, college students, and young adults. , Washington : US Government Printing Office .
  • Kalil , A. and Kunz , J. 2002 . Teenage childbearing, marital status, and depressive symptoms in later life . Child Dev , 73 : 1748 – 60 .
  • Kalil , A. , Spencer , M. S. , Spieker , S. J. and Gilchrist , L. D. 1998 . Effects of grandmother coresidence and quality of family relationships on depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers . Fam Relat , 47 : 433 – 41 .
  • Kendall Tackett , K. A. 2007 . Violence against women and the perinatal period: The impact of lifetime violence and abuse on pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding . Trauma Violence Abuse , 8 : 344 – 53 .
  • Klein , J. D. 2005 . Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues . Pediatrics , 116 : 281 – 6 .
  • Leigh , B. and Milgrom , J. 2008 . Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress . BMC Psychiatry , 8 : 1 – 11 .
  • Lindhorst , T. and Oxford , M. 2008 . The long-term effects of intimate partner violence on adolescent mothers' depressive symptoms . Soc Sci Med , 66 : 1322 – 33 .
  • Lorant , V. , Deliege , D. , Eaton , W. , Robert , A. , Philippot , P. and Ansseau , M. 2003 . Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis . Am J Epidemiol , 157 : 98 – 112 .
  • Marcus , S. , Flynn , H. , Young , E. , Ghaziuddin , N. and Mudd , S. 2001 . “ Recurrent depression in women throughout the life span ” . In Treatment of Recurrent Depression , Edited by: Greden , John . 19 – 58 . Washington : American Psychiatry Publishing, Inc. .
  • McLennan , J. , Kotelchuck , M. and Cho , H. 2001 . Prevalence, and correlates of depressive symptoms in a national sample of mothers and toddlers . J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , 40 : 1316 – 23 .
  • Milan , S. , Ickovics , J. , Kershaw , T. , Lewis , J. , Meade , C. and Ethier , K. 2004 . Prevalence, Course, and Predictors of Emotional Distress in Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents . J Consult Clin Psychol , 72 : 328 – 40 .
  • Milgrom , J. , Gemmill , A. W. , Bilszta , J. L. , Hayes , B. , Barnett , B. Brooks , J. 2008 . Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: A large prospective study . J Affect Disord , 108 : 147 – 57 .
  • Melville , J. L. , Gavin , A. , Guo , Y. , Fan , M. and Katon , W. J. 2010 . Depressive disorders during pregnancy: Prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample . Obstet Gynecol , 116 : 1064 – 70 .
  • Morlan , K. K. and Tan , S. Y. 1998 . Comparison of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Brief Symptom Inventory . J Clin Psychol , 54 : 885 – 94 .
  • Nierenberg , A. , Petersen , T. and Alpert , J. 2003 . Prevention of relapse and recurrence in depression: The role of long-term pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy . J Clin Psychiatry , 64 : 13 – 7 .
  • Oberlander , S. E. , Shebl , F. M. , Magder , L. S. and Black , M. M. 2009 . Adolescent mothers leaving multigenerational households . J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol , 38 : 62 – 74 .
  • Oppo , A. , Ramacciotti , D. , Camilleri , V. , Banti , S. , Borri , C. Rambelli , C. 2009 . Risk factors for postpartum depression: The role of the postpartum depression predictors inventory-revised (PDPI-R): Results from the Perinatal Depression-Research & Screening Unit (PNDReScU) study . Arch Women Ment Health , 12 : 239 – 49 .
  • Oxford , M. L. , Gilchrist , L. D. , Gillmore , M. R. and Lohr , M. 2006 . Predicting variation in the life course of adolescent mothers as they enter adulthood . J Adolesc Health , 39 : 20 – 6 .
  • Pawlby , S. , Hay , D. F. , Sharp , D. , Waters , C. S. and O'Keane , V. 2009 . Antenatal depression predicts depression in adolescent offspring: Prospective longitudinal community-based study . J Affective Disorders , 113 : 236 – 43 .
  • Pascoe , J. M. , Stolfi , A. and Ormond , M. B. 2006 . Correlates of mothers' persistent depressive symptoms: A national study . J Pediatr Health Care , 20 : 261 – 9 .
  • Pearlstein , T. , Howard , M. , Salisbury , A. and Zlotnick , C. 2009 . Postpartum depression . AJOG , 200 : 357 – 64 .
  • Perris , H. 1984 . Life events and depression: part 2. results in diagnostic subgroups, and in relation to the recurrence of depression . J Affective Disorders , 1 : 25 – 36 .
  • Ramos–Marcuse , F. , Oberlander , S. E. , Papas , M. A. , McNary , S. W. , Hurley , K. M. and Black , M. M. 2010 . Stability of maternal depressive symptoms among urban, low-income, African American adolescent mothers . J Affective Disorders , 122 : 68 – 75 .
  • Reichman , N. and Pagnini , D. 1997 . Maternal age and birth outcomes: Data from New Jersey . Fam Plann Perspect , 29 : 268 – 72 . 295
  • Rich Edwards , J. W. , Kleinman , K. , Abrams , A. , Harlow , B. L. , McLaughlin , T. J. , Joffe , H. and Gillman , M. 2006 . Sociodemographic predictors of antenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms among women in a medical group practice . J Epidemiol Community Health , 60 : 221 – 7 .
  • Robertson , E. , Grace , S. , Wallington , T. and Stewart , D. 2004 . Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature . Gen Hosp Psychiatry , 26 : 289 – 95 .
  • Rodriguez , M. A. , Valentine , J. , Ahmed , S. R. , Eisenman , D. P. , Sumner , L. A. , Heilemann , M. V. and Liu , H. 2010 . Intimate partner violence and maternal depression during the perinatal period: A longitudinal investigation of Latinas . Violence Against Women , 16 : 543 – 59 .
  • Rodriguez , M. A. , Heilemann , M. V. , Fielder , E. , Ang , A. , Nevarez , F. and Mangione , C. M. 2008 . Intimate partner violence, depression, and PTSD among pregnant Latina women . Ann Fam Med , 6 : 44 – 52 .
  • Saltzman , L. E. , Johnson , C. H. , Gilbert , B. C. and Goodwin , M. M. 2003 . Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: An examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states . Matern Child Health J , 7 : 31 – 43 .
  • Saluja , G. , Iachan , R. , Scheidt , P. , Overpeck , M. , Sun , W. and Giedd , J. 2004 . Prevalence of and risk factors for depressive symptoms among young adolescents . Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , 158 : 760 – 5 .
  • Schmidt , R. , Wiemann , C. , Rickert , V. and Smith , E. 2006 . Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum . J Adol Health , 38 : 712 – 8 .
  • Seattle–King County Department of Public Health: Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit . 1996 . Washington : State Department of Health, Center for Health Statistics . Unpublished raw data
  • Sellers , K. , Black , M. M. , Boris , N. W. , Oberlander , S. E. and Meyers , L. 2011 . Adolescent mothers' relationships with their own mothers: Impact on parenting outcomes . J Fam Psychol , 25 : 117 – 26 .
  • Smithbattle , L. 2000 . The vulnerabilities of teenage mothers: Challenging prevailing assumptions . Adv Nurs Sci , 23 : 29 – 40 .
  • Spencer , M. S. , Kalil , A. , Larson , N. C. , Spieker , S. J. and Gilchrist , L. D. 2000 . Multigenerational coresidence and childbearing conflict: Links to parenting stress in teenage mothers across the first two years postpartum . Appl Dev Sci , 6 : 157 – 70 .
  • Spieker , S. J. , Gillmore , M. R. , Lewis , S. M. , Morrison , D. M. and Lohr , M. 2001 . Psychological distress and substance use by adolescent mothers: Associations with parenting attitudes and the quality of mother-child interaction . J Psychoactive Drugs , 33 : 83 – 93 .
  • Sternberg , K. , Lamb , M. , Greenbaum , C. , Cicchetti , D. , Dawud , S. Cortes , R. 1993 . Effects of domestic violence on children's behavior problems and depression . Dev Psychol , 29 : 44 – 52 .
  • Straus , M. 1988 . Manual for the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) , Durham : University of New Hampshire .
  • Stueve , A. , Dohrenwend , B. and Skodol , A. 1998 . “ Relationships between stressful life events and episodes of major depression and nonaffective psychotic disorders: Selected results from a New York Risk Factor Study ” . In Adversity, stress, and psychopathology , Edited by: Dohrenwend , B. 341 – 357 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Thompson , R. , Bonomi , A. , Anderson , M. , Reid , R. , Dimer , J. , Carrell , D. and Rivara , F. 2006 . Intimate partner violence: Prevalence, types, and chronicity in adult women . Am J Prev Med , 30 : 447 – 57 .
  • Tjaden , P. and Thoennes , N. 1998 . Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. , Washington : National Institute of Justice and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
  • Tollestrup , K. , Sklar , D. , Frost , F. , Olson , L. , Weybright , J. , Sandvig , J. and Larson , M. 1999 . Health indicators and intimate partner violence among women who are members of a managed care organization . Prev Med , 29 : 431 – 40 .
  • Unger , D. G. and Cooley , M. 1992 . Partner and grandmother contact in black and white teen parent families . J Adol Health , 13 : 546 – 52 .
  • Valentine , J. M. , Rodriguez , M. A. , Lapeyrouse , L. M. and Zhang , M. 2010 . Recent intimate partner violence as a prenatal predictor of maternal depression in the first year postpartum among Latinas . Arch Womens Ment Health , 14 : 135 – 43 .
  • Vesga-López , O. , Blanco , C. , Keyes , K. , Olfson , M. , Grant , B. and Hasin , D. 2008 . Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States . Arch Gen Psychiatry , 65 : 805 – 15 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.