Vulnerability of wives of Nepalese labor migrants to HIV infection: Integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence

References

• Bam, K., R. Thapa, M. S. Newman, L. P. Bhatt, S. K. Bhatta, and J. Tang. 2013. Sexual behavior and condom use among seasonal Dalit migrant laborers to India from Far West, Nepal: A qualitative study. PloS One 8 (9):e74903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074903.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, L., D. R. Dahal, and P. Govindasamy. 2008. Caste, ethnic and regional identity in Nepal: Further analysis of the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Calverton, MD: ICF International.
   Google Scholar
• Bloom, D. E., and J. Sevilla. 2001. Health, wealth, AIDS, and poverty. Report of the Asia-Pacific ministerial meeting. Melbourne, Australia: The Australian Government Overseas Aid Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., and V. L. Plano Clark. 2007. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Applied linguistics. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health Service. 2014. Annual report: Department of Health Service 2012/2013. Kathmandu, Nepal: Nepal Ministry of Health and Population.
   Google Scholar
• Devkota, B. 2010. Assessment of voluntary counseling and testing services on STIs and HIV/AIDS in selected districts of Nepal. 6th IAS conference on HIV pathogenesis and treatment, July 17–20, Rome. Abstract number: CDD296.
   Google Scholar
• Gillespie, S., S. Kadiyala, and R. Greener. 2007. Is poverty or wealth driving HIV transmission? AIDS 21 (Suppl. 7):S5–S16. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000300531.74730.72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregson, S., C. A. Nyamukapa, G. P. Garnett, M. Wambe, J. J. C. Lewis, P. R. Mason, S. K. Chandiwana, and R. M. Anderson. 2005. HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe. AIDS Care 17 (7):785–94. doi:10.1080/09540120500258029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, J. R., C. P. Bonell, T. Boler, D. Boccia, I. Birdthistle, A. Fletcher, P. M. Pronyk, and J. R. Glynn. 2008. Systematic review exploring time trends in the association between educational attainment and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 22 (3):403–14. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f2aac3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. A., S. Hoffman, and S. L. Dworkin. 2010. Rethinking gender, heterosexual men, and women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. American Journal of Public Health 100 (3):435–45. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesmin, S. S., and C. M. Cready. 2014. Can a woman refuse sex if her husband has a sexually transmitted infection? Attitudes toward safer-sex negotiation among married women in Bangladesh. Culture, Health & Sexuality 16 (6):666–82. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.901561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., L. C. Simbayi, M. Kaufman, D. Cain, and S. Jooste. 2007. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review of empirical findings. Prevention Science : The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research 8 (2):141–51. doi:10.1007/s11121-006-0061-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., X. Li, and B. Stanton. 2010. Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: An integrative review of global literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism 45:188–99. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agp095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lurie, M. N., B. G. Williams, K. Zuma, D. Mkaya-Mwamburi, G. P. Garnett, M. D. Sweat, J. Gittelsohn, and S. S. Karim. 2003. Who infects whom? HIV-1 concordance and discordance among migrant and non-migrant couples in South Africa. AIDS 17 (15):2245–52. doi:10.1097/00002030-200310170-00013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, V., S. B.-V. Assche, R. Greener, M. Vaessen, R. Hong, P. D. Ghys, J. T. Boerma, A. Van Assche, S. Khan, and S. Rutstein. 2007. HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 21 (Suppl. 7):SS17–28. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000300532.51860.2a.
   Google Scholar
• New, E. R. A. 2010. Integrated biological & behavioral surveillance survey among the wives of migrants in four districts of far-western Nepal round II. Kathmandu, Nepal: Intrepid Nepal and FHI.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, S., and A. Broom. 2013. Gender, culture and changing attitudes: Experiences of HIV in Zimbabwe. Culture, Health & Sexuality 15:583–97. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.776111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poudel, K. C., M. Jimba, J. Okumura, A. B. Joshi, and S. Wakai. 2004. Migrants’ risky sexual behaviours in India and at home in far western Nepal. Tropical Medicine & International Health : TM & IH 9 (8):897–903. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01276.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesh, B. M., S. Moses, R. Washington, S. Isac, B. Mohapatra, S. B. Mahagaonkar, R. Adhikary, et al. 2008. Determinants of HIV prevalence among female sex workers in four south Indian states: Analysis of cross-sectional surveys in twenty-three districts. AIDS 22 (Suppl 5):SS35–44. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000343762.54831.5c.
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Estelle, A., and S. Gruskin. 2003. Vulnerability to HIV/STIs among rural women from migrant communities in Nepal: A health and human rights framework. Reproductive Health Matters 11 (22):142–51. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(03)02292-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa, S., N. Bista, S. Timilsina, F. Buntinx, and C. Mathei. 2014. Social and behavioural risk factors for HIV infection among the wives of labour migrants in Nepal. International Journal of STD & AIDS 25:793–99. doi:10.1177/0956462414521162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2007. AIDS epidemic update.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2008. Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2014. Human development report. New York: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Young, S. D., and E. Bendavid. 2010. The relationship between HIV testing, stigma, and health service usage. AIDS Care 22:373–80. doi:10.1080/09540120903193666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar