The aging influence on cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and energy expenditure adaptations in head-out aquatic exercises: Differences between young and elderly women

References

• ACSM. 2010. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Alberton, C. L., A. H. Antunes, D. D. Beilke, S. S. Pinto, A. C. Kanitz, M. P. Tartaruga, and L. F. Martins Kruel. 2013. Maximal and ventilatory thresholds of oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion responses to water aerobic exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27 (7):1897–903. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182736e47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquatic Exercise Association. 2014. Standards and guidelines for aquatic fitness programming. Nokomis, FL: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., M. F. Garrido, and J. Bragada. 2007. Physiological adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises with different levels of body immersion. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (4):1255–59. doi:10.1519/R-20896.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa, T. M., V. F. Sousa, A. J. Silva, V. M. Reis, D. A. Marinho, and J. A. Bragada. 2010. Effects of musical cadence in the acute physiologic adaptations to head-out aquatic exercises. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research/National Strength & Conditioning Association 24 (1):244–50. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b296fd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrame, T., M. Karsten, M. P. T. Chacon-Mikahil, V. A. Madruga, E. Da Silva, A. Borghi-Silva, L. Gallo, and A. M. Catai. 2012. Age influence on the heart rate behavior on the rest-exercise transition: An analysis by deltas and linear regression. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 18 (5):300–04. doi:10.1590/S1517-86922012000500003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonganha, V., M. S. Conceicao, C. F. Santos, M. P. Chacon-Mikahil, and V. A. Madruga. 2009. Resting metabolic rate and body composition in postmenopausal women. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia 53 (6):755–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, G. 1974. Perceived exertion. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 2:131–53. doi:10.1249/00003677-197400020-00006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borg, G. 1998. Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Bragada, J. A., P. M. Magalhães, C. S. Vasques, T. M. Barbosa, and V. P. Lopes. 2009. Net heart rate to prescribe physical activity in middle-aged to older active adults. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 8 (4):616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragada, J. A., P. J. Santos, J. A. Maia, P. J. Colaco, V. P. Lopes, and T. M. Barbosa. 2010. Longitudinal study in 3,000 male runners: Relationship between performance and selected physiological parameters. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine 9 (3):439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, G. A., T. D. Fahey, T. P. White, and K. M. Baldwin. 2000. Exercise phisiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications, 3rd ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. A., M. G. Flynn, F. F. Andres, C. P. Lambert, M. S. Taylor, and W. A. Braun. 1997. Effect of 4 wk of deep water run training on running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29 (5):694–99. doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. A., L. J. D’Acquisto, D. M. D’Acquisto, and M. G. Cline. 2003. Metabolic and cardiovascular response to shallow water exercise in young and older women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35 (4):675–81. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000058359.87713.99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, K. S., E. C. Rhodes, J. E. Taunton, and A. D. Martin. 2002. Maximal physiological responses to deep-water and treadmill running in young and older women. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 10 (3):306–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Colado, J. C., N. T. Triplett, V. Tella, P. Saucedo, and J. Abellan. 2009. Effects of aquatic resistance training on health and fitness in postmenopausal women. European Journal of Applied Physiology 106 (1):113–22. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-0996-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, M. J., J. A. Bragada, D. A. Marinho, V. P. Lopes, A. J. Silva, and T. M. Barbosa. 2013. Longitudinal study in male swimmers: A hierachical modeling of energetics and biomechanical contributions for performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 12:614–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Acquisto, L. J., D. M. D’Acquisto, and D. Renne. 2001. Metabolic and cardiovascular responses in older women during shallow-water exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 15 (1):12–19. doi:10.1519/00124278-200102000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, D. S., W. S. Gozansky, R. E. Van Pelt, R. S. Schwartz, and W. M. Kohrt. 2005. Sex hormone suppression reduces resting energy expenditure and {beta}-adrenergic support of resting energy expenditure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90 (6):3312–17. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edvardsen, E., B. H. Hansen, I. M. Holme, S. M. Dyrstad, and S. A. Anderssen. 2013. Reference values for cardiorespiratory response and fitness on the treadmill in a 20- to 85-year-old population. Chest 144 (1):241–48. doi:10.1378/chest.12-1458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A. G. Lang. 2009. Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods 41 (4):1149–60. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleg, J. L., and E. G. Lakatta. 1988. Role of muscle loss in the age-associated reduction in VO2 max. Journal of Applied Physiology 65 (3):1147–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, G. R., and R. O. Mueller. 2010. The reviewer’s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences. Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hox, J. J. 2002. Multilevel analysis: Techniques and applications, Quantitative methodology series. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, B. E., K. P. Davy, P. P. Jones, C. A. DeSouza, R. E. Van Pelt, H. Tanaka, and D. R. Seals. 1998. Role of central circulatory factors in the fat-free mass-maximal aerobic capacity relation across age. The American Journal of Physiology 275 (4 Pt. 2):H1178–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katch, V. L., W. D. McArdle, and F. I. Katch. 2011. Essentials of exercise physiology, 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Katsura, Y., T. Yoshikawa, S. Y. Ueda, T. Usui, D. Sotobayashi, H. Nakao, H. Sakamoto, T. Okumoto, and S. Fujimoto. 2010. Effects of aquatic exercise training using water-resistance equipment in elderly. European Journal of Applied Physiology 108 (5):957–64. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1306-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder, T., and J. See. 1992. Aqua aerobics: A scientific approach. Peosta, IA: Eddie Bowers Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Lexell, J. 1995. Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber-type composition. Journals of Gerontology Series A—Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 50:11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, V. P., L. P. Rodrigues, J. A. R. Maia, and R. M. Malina. 2011. Motor coordination as predictor of physical activity in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 21 (5):663–69. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01027.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, V. P., P. Magalhaes, J. Bragada, and C. Vasques. 2009. Actigraph calibration in obese/overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus middle-aged to old adult patients. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 6 (Suppl. 1):S133–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas, C. J. M., and J. J. Hox. 2004. Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica 58 (2):127–37. doi:10.1046/j.0039-0402.2003.00252.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattern, C. O., M. J. Gutilla, D. L. Bright, T. E. Kirby, K. W. Hinchcliff, and S. T. Devor. 2003. Maximal lactate steady state declines during the aging process. Journal of Applied Physiology 95 (6):2576–82. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagle, E. F., M. E. Sanders, A. Shafer, B. Barone Gibbs, J. A. Nagle, A. R. Deldin, B. A. Franklin, and R. J. Robertson. 2013. Energy expenditure, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses to shallow-water aquatic exercise in young adult women. The Physician and Sports Medicine 41 (3):67–76. doi:10.3810/psm.2013.09.2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilwik, R., T. Snijders, M. Leenders, B. B. L. Groen, J. Van Kranenburg, L. B. Verdijk, and L. J. C. Van Loon. 2013. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Experimental Gerontology 48 (5):492–98. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel, A. E., C. L. Gentile, H. Tanaka, D. R. Seals, and P. E. Gates. 2003. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men. Journal of Applied Physiology (1985) 94 (6):2406–13. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00774.2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piotrowska-Całka, E. 2010. The effects of a 24-week deep water aerobic training program on cardiovascular fitness. Biology of Sport 27 (2):95–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purves-Smith, F. M., N. Sgarioto, and R. T. Hepple. 2014. Fiber typing in aging muscle. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 42 (2):45–52. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffaelli, C., M. Lanza, L. Zanolla, and P. Zamparo. 2010. Exercise intensity of head-out water-based activities (water fitness). European Journal of Applied Physiology 109 (5):829–38. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1419-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W. 2004. HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush, S. W., and A. S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. In Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Reaburn, P., and B. Dascombe. 2008. Endurance performance in master athletes. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity 5 (1):31–42. doi:10.1007/s11556-008-0029-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodeheffer, R. J., G. Gerstenblith, L. C. Becker, J. L. Fleg, M. L. Weisfeldt, and E. G. Lakatta. 1984. Exercise cardiac-output is maintained with advancing age in healthy-human subjects—Cardiac dilatation and increased stroke volume compensate for a diminished heart rate. Circulation 69 (2):203–13. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.69.2.203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speakman, J. R., and K. R. Westerterp. 2010. Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92 (4):826–34. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H., C. A. Desouza, P. P. Jones, E. T. Stevenson, K. P. Davy, and D. R. Seals. 1997. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women. Journal of Applied Physiology 83 (6):1947–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H., K. D. Monahan, and D. R. Seals. 2001. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 37 (1):153–56. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01054-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H., and D. R. Seals. 2008. Endurance exercise performance in master athletes: Age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology 586 (1):55–63. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulppo, M. P., T. H. Makikallio, T. Seppanen, R. T. Laukkanen, and H. V. Huikuri. 1998. Vagal modulation of heart rate during exercise: Effects of age and physical fitness. American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274 (2):H424–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzankoff, S. P., and A. H. Norris. 1977. Effect of muscle mass decrease on age-related BMR changes. Journal of Applied Physiology 43 (6):1001–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmore, J., and D. Costill. 1994. Physiology of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar