Interpersonal and structural contexts of intimate partner violence among female sex workers in conflict-affected northern Uganda

References

• Amowitz, L. L. 2002. Prevelence of war-related sexual violence and other human rights abuses among internally displaced persons in Sierra Leone. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 287 (4):513. doi:10.1001/jama.287.4.513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argento, E., K. A. Muldoon, P. Duff, A. Simo, K. N. Deering, and K. Shannon. 2014. High prevalence and partner correlates of physical and sexual violence by intimate partners among street and off-street sex workers. PloS One 9 (7):e102129. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borwankar, R., R. Diallo, and E. A. Somerfelt. 2008. Gender-based violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of demographic and health survey findings and their use in national planning. Washington, DC: USAID/AFT/SD and Africa's Health in 2010/AED.
   Google Scholar
• Buvé, A., K. Bishikwabo-Nsarhaza, and G. Mutangadura. 2002. The spread and effect of HIV-1 infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 359 (9322):2011–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08823-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couture, M.-C., J. C. Soto, G. Joseph, and M.-V. Zunzunegui. 2010. Violence against intimate partners and associations with inconsistent condom use among clients of female sex workers in Haiti. Public Health Reports 125 (6):896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deering, K. N., A. Amin, J. Shoveller, A. Nesbitt, C. Garcia-Moreno, P. Duff, E. Argento, and K. Shannon. 2014. A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers. American Journal of Public Health 104 (5):e42–54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., and M. R. Decker. 2013. Gender-based violence and HIV: Reviewing the evidence for links and causal pathways in the general population and high-risk groups. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 69 (1):20–26. doi:10.1111/aji.12039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., and R. Jewkes. 2007. Effective HIV prevention requires gender-transformative work with men. Sexually Transmitted Infections 83 (3):173–74. doi:10.1136/sti.2007.024950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bassel, N., S. S. Witte, T. Wada, L. Gilbert, and J. Wallace. 2001. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: Substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 15 (1):41–51. doi:10.1089/108729101460092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson, M., S. M. Goldenberg, M. Ajok, K. A. Muldoon, G. Muzaaya, and K. Shannon. 2015. Structural determinants of dual contraceptive use among female sex workers in Gulu, Northern Uganda. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 131 (1):91–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.04.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Moreno, C., and C. Watts. 2000. Women and HIV/AIDS: Setting the research Agenda. AIDS 14 (3):S253–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S. M., G. Muzaaya, M. Akello, P. Nguyen, J. Birungi, and K. Shannon. 2016. War-related abduction and history of incarceration linked to high burden of HIV among female sex workers in conflict-affected Northern Uganda. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 73 (1):109–16. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000001030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y., C. Zhang, L. Xiaoming, W. Liu, and Y. Zhou. 2013. Partner violence and psychosocial distress among female sex workers in China. PloS One 8 (4):e62290. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, R., E. S. Puffer, E. Roesch, and H. Lehmann. 2014. Women’s perceptions of effects of war on intimate partner violence and gender roles in two post-conflict West African Countries: Consequences and unexpected opportunities. Conflict and Health 8 (1):12. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-8-12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossain, M., C. Zimmerman, L. Kiss, T. Abramsky, D. Kone, M. Bakayoko-Topolska, J. Annan, H. Lehmann, and C. Watts. 2014a. Working with men to prevent intimate partner violence in a conflict-affected setting: A pilot cluster randomized controlled trial in rural côte d’Ivoire. BMC Public Health 14 (1):339. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain, M., C. Zimmerman, L. Kiss, D. Kone, M. Bakayoko-Topolska, D. M. K A, H. Lehmann, and C. Watts. 2014b. Men’s and women’s experiences of violence and traumatic events in rural cote d’ivoire before, during and after a period of armed conflict. BMJ Open 4 (2):e003644. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inter-Agency Standing Committee. 2015. Guidelines for integrating gender-based violence interventions in humanitarian action: Reducing risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery. Geneva, Switzerland: Inter-Agency Standing Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R. 2007. Comprehensive response to rape needed in conflict settings. The Lancet 369 (9580):2140–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60991-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., K. Dunkle, M. P. Koss, J. B. Levin, M. Nduna, N. Jama, and Y. Sikweyiya. 2006. Rape perpetration by young, rural South African Men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Social Science & Medicine (1982) 63 (11):2949–61. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R. K., K. Dunkle, M. Nduna, and N. Shai. 2010. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: A cohort study. The Lancet 376 (9734):41–48. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60548-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karon, J. M., and C. Wejnert. 2012. Statistical methods for the analysis of time–location sampling data. Journal of Urban Health 89 (3):565–86. doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9676-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann, A. 2002. Safe abortion: A right for refugees? Reproductive Health Matters 10 (19):151–55. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(02)00026-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, K. A. 2015. A systematic review of the clinical and social epidemiological research among sex workers in Uganda. BMC Public Health 15 (1):1226. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2553-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, K. A., K. N. Deering, C. X. Feng, J. A. Shoveller, and K. Shannon. 2015. Sexual relationship power and intimate partner violence among sex workers with non-commercial intimate partners in a Canadian setting. AIDS Care 27 (4):512–19. doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, K. A., G. Muzaaya, T. S. Betancourt, M. Ajok, M. Akello, Z. Petruf, P. Nguyen, E. K. Baines, and K. Shannon. 2014. After abduction: Exploring access to reintegration programs and mental health status among young female abductees in Northern Uganda. Conflict and Health 8 (1):5. doi:10.1186/1752-1505-8-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okal, J., M. F. Chersich, S. Tsui, E. Sutherland, M. Temmerman, and S. Luchters. 2011. Sexual and physical violence against female sex workers in Kenya: A qualitative enquiry. AIDS Care 23 (5):612–18. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.525605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olayanju, L., R. N. G. Naguib, Q. T. Nguyen, R. K. Bali, and N. D. Vung. 2013. Combating intimate partner violence in Africa: Opportunities and challenges in five African Countries. Aggression and Violent Behavior 18 (1):101–12. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack, A. P., K. L’Engle, P. Mwarogo, and N. Kingola. 2014. Intimate partner violence against female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Culture, Health & Sexuality 16:217–30. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.857046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulerwitz, J., S. L. Gortmaker, and W. Dejong. 2000. Measuring sexual relationship power in HIV/STD research. Sex Roles 42:637–60. doi:10.1023/A:1007051506972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratinthorn, A., A. Meleis, and S. Sindhu. 2009. Trapped in circle of threats: Violence against sex workers in Thailand. Health Care for Women International 30 (3):249–69. doi:10.1080/07399330902733281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saile, R., F. Neuner, V. Ertl, and C. Catani. 2013. Prevalence and predictors of partner violence against women in the aftermath of war: A survey among couples in Northern Uganda. Social Science & Medicine 86:17–25. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scorgie, F., M. F. Chersich, I. Ntaganira, A. Gerbase, F. Lule, and L. Ying-Ru. 2012. Socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior 16 (4):920–33. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9985-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semiatin, J. N., S. Torres, A. D. Lamotte, G. A. Portnoy, M. Christopher, J. N. Semiatin, S. Torres, A. D. Lamotte, G. A. Portnoy, and C. M. Murphy. 2017. Trauma exposure, ptsd symptoms, and presenting clinical problems among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Violence 7 (1):91–100. doi:10.1037/vio0000041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., and J. Csete. 2010. Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 304 (5):573–74. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., K. Leiter, N. Phaladze, Z. Hlanze, A. C. Tsai, M. Heisler, V. Iacopino, and S. D. Weiser. 2012. Gender inequity norms are associated with increased male-perpetrated rape and sexual risks for HIV infection in Botswana and Swaziland. PloS One 7 (1):e28739. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., S. A. Strathdee, J. Shoveller, M. Rusch, T. Kerr, and M. W. Tyndall. 2009. Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: Implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy. American Journal of Public Health 99 (4):659–65. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.129858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel, P. B. 2004. HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: Dispelling myths and taking action. Disasters 28 (3):322–39. doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00261.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockman, J. K., M. B. Lucea, and J. C. Campbell. 2013. Forced sexual initiation, sexual intimate partner violence and HIV risk in women: A global review of the literature. AIDS and Behavior 17 (3):832–47. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0361-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF International Inc. 2012. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kampala, Uganda: UBOS/Calverton, MD: ICF International Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ulibarri, M. D., S. A. Strathdee, R. Lozada, C. Magis-Rodriguez, H. Amaro, P. O’Campo, and T. L. Patterson. 2010. Intimate partner violence among female sex workers in Two Mexico–U.S. border cities: Partner characteristics and HIV risk behaviors as correlates of abuse. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2 (4):318–25. doi:10.1037/a0017500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2003. Abducted and Abused: Renewed conflict in Northern Uganda. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.
   Google Scholar
• Watts, C., and S. Mayhew. 2004. Reproductive health services and intimate partner violence: Shaping a pragmatic response in sub-Saharan Africa. International Family Planning Perspectives 30 (4):207–13. doi:10.1363/3020704.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2005. WHO multi-country study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women’s responses. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2012. Intimate partner violence. Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women. 1–12. doi:10.2307/1319341.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2013. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Vol. 2013, 57. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. doi:10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
   Google Scholar