“HIV is not an easily acceptable disease”: the role of HIV-related stigma in obtaining cervical cancer screening in India

References

• Aswathy, S., M. A. Quereshi, B. Kurian, and K. Leelamoni. 2012. Cervical cancer screening: Current knowledge & practice among women in a rural population of Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 136 (2):205–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharat, S. 2011. A systematic review of HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination in India: Current understanding and future needs. SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance 8 (3):138–49. doi:10.1080/17290376.2011.9724996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danso, D., F. Lyons, and C. Bradbeer. 2006. Cervical screening and management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive women. International Journal of STD & AIDS 17 (9):579–84. quiz 585–7. doi:10.1258/095646206778113087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand, M. L., E. Heylen, A. Mazur, W. T. Steward, C. Carpenter, K. Yadav, S. Sinha, and A. Nyamathi. 2018. The role of HIV stigma in ART adherence and quality of life among rural women living with HIV in India. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2157-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstrand, M. L., J. Ramakrishna, S. Bharat, and E. Heylen. 2013. Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: Implications for interventions. Journal of the International AIDS Society 16 (3Suppl 2):18717. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.3.18717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellerbrock, T. V., M. A. Chiasson, T. J. Bush, X. Sun, D. Sawo, K. Brudney, and T. C. Wright Jr. 2015. Incidence of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected women. JAMA 283:1031–37. doi:10.1001/jama.283.8.1031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etikan, I., S. A. Musa, and R. S. Alkassim. 2016. Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics 5:1–4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay, J., I. Soerjomataram, M. Ervik, R. Dikshit, S. Eser, C. Mathers, M. Rebelo, D. M. Parkin, D. Forman, and F. Bray. 2013. Globocan 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. IARC CancerBase No. 11 Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
   Google Scholar
• Frisch, M., R. J. Biggar, J. J. Goedert, and AIDS-Cancer Match Registry Study Group. 2000. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 92:1500–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICO Informational Centre on HPV and Cancer. 2015. India human papillomavirus and related cancers, Fact sheet 2015. Last Modified December 18, 2015. Accessed January 7. http://www.hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/IND_FS.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, I. T., A. E. Ryu, A. G. Onuegbu, C. Psaros, S. D. Weiser, D. R. Bangsberg, and A. C. Tsai. 2013. Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: Systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of the International AIDS Society 16 (3 Suppl 2):18640. doi:10.7448/ias.16.3.18640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., and J. C. Phelan. 2001. Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1):363–85. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A. P., J. N. Sayles, V. A. Patel, R. H. Remien, D. Ortiz, G. Szekeres, and T. J. Coates. 2008. Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: A review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS 22 (Suppl 2):S67–S79. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malavé, S., J. Ramakrishna, E. Heylen, S. Bharat, and M. L. Ekstrand. 2014. Differences in testing, stigma, and perceived consequences of stigmatization among heterosexual men and women living with HIV in Bengaluru, India. AIDS Care 26 (3):396–403. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.819409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachega, J. B., C. Morroni, J. M. Zuniga, R. Sherer, C. Beyrer, S. Solomon, M. Schechter, and J. Rockstroh. 2012. HIV-related stigma, isolation, discrimination, and serostatus disclosure: A global survey of 2035 HIV-infected adults. Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care 11 (3):172–78. doi:10.1177/1545109712436723.
   Google Scholar
• Nappi, L., C. Carriero, S. Bettocchi, J. Herrero, A. Vimercati, and G. Putignano. 2005. Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions of low-grade in HIV-infected women: Recurrence, persistence, and progression, in treated and untreated women. European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 121 (2):226–32. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National AIDS Control Organization. 2014. National guidelines on prevention, management and control of reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted infections, ed. Department of AIDS Control. India. http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/National%20RTI%20STI%20technical%20guidelines%20Sep2014_0.pdf (accessed January 14, 2019).
   Google Scholar
• Nyamathi, A., M. Ekstrand, J. Zolt-Gilburne, K. Ganguly, S. Sinha, P. Ramakrishnan, P. Suresh, M. Marfisee, and B. Leake. 2013. Correlates of stigma among rural Indian women living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS and Behavior 17 (1):329–39. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0041-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyblade, L., A. Stangl, E. Weiss, and K. Ashburn. 2009. Combating HIV stigma in health care settings: What works? Journal of the International AIDS Society 12:15. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-12-15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyblade, L., M. Stockton, S. Travasso, and S. Krishnan. 2017. A qualitative exploration of cervical and breast cancer stigma in Karnataka, India. BMC Women’s Health 17:58. doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0407-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obermeyer, C. M., P. Baijal, and E. Pegurri. 2011. Facilitating HIV disclosure across diverse settings: A review. American Journal of Public Health 101 (6):1011–23. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palys, T. 2008. Purposive sampling. In The sage encyclopedia for qualitative research methods, ed. L. M. Given, Vol. 2, 697–98. Los Angeles: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• PDQ® Screening and Prevention Editorial Board. 2016. PDQ cervical cancer screening. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated 03 April 2016. Accessed June 7, 2016. [PMID: 26389177]. https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/hp/cervical-screening-pdq-section/_8.
   Google Scholar
• Safaeian, M., and D. Solomon. 2007. Cervical cancer prevention – cervical screening: Science in evolution. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 34 (4):739–ix. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2007.09.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaranarayanan, R., R. Rajkumar, S. Arrossi, R. Theresa, P. O. Esmy, C. Mahe, R. Muwonge, D. M. Parkin, and J. Cherian. 2003. Determinants of participation of women in a cervical cancer visual screening trial in rural south India. Cancer Detection and Prevention 27 (6):457–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, R., K. Rossetto, and B. L. Peterson. 2008. A meta-analysis of disclosure of one’s HIV-positive status, stigma and social support. AIDS Care 20 (10):1266–75. doi:10.1080/09540120801926977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward, W. T., S. Bharat, J. Ramakrishna, E. Heylen, and M. L. Ekstrand. 2013. Stigma is associated with delays in seeking care among HIV-infected people in India. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 12 (2):103–09. doi:10.1177/1545109711432315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steward, W. T., S. Chandy, G. Singh, S. T. Panicker, T. A. Osmand, E. Heylen, and M. L. Ekstrand. 2011. Depression is not an inevitable outcome of disclosure avoidance: HIV stigma and mental health in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals from Southern India. Psychology, Health & Medicine 16 (1):74–85. doi:10.1080/13548506.2010.521568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steward, W. T., G. M. Herek, J. Ramakrishna, S. Bharat, S. Chandy, J. Wrubel, and M. L. Ekstrand. 2008. HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in India. Social Science & Medicine 67 (8):1225–35. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.05.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokols, D. 1996. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion 10 (4):282–98. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-10.4.282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian, T., M. D. Gupte, V. S. Dorairaj, V. Periannan, and A. K. Mathai. 2009. Psycho-social impact and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in South India. AIDS Care 21 (4):473–81. doi:10.1080/09540120802283469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varughese, J., and S. Richman. 2010. Cancer care inequity for women in resource-poor countries. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3 (3):122–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar