Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum-Like in β-Thalassemia Major, a matter of α-Klotho and Parathyroid Hormone?

References

• Cao A, Galanello R. β-Thalassemia. Genet Med. 2010;12(2):61–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlin N, Beck K, Bacchelli B, et al. Acquired pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like syndrome in β-thalassaemia patients. Br J Haematol. 2003;122(5):852–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Plomp AS, van Soest S, et al. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a clinical, histopathological, and molecular update. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(4):424–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuro-o M, Matsumura Y, Aizawa H, et al. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing. Nature. 1997;390(6655):45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuro-o M. Klotho. Pflugers Arch. 2010;459(2):333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuro-o M. Endocrine FGFs and Klothos: emerging concepts. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2008;19(7):239–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu MC, Shi M, Zhang J, et al. Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(1):124–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki Y, Imura A, Urakawa I, et al. Establishment of sandwich ELISA for soluble α-Klotho measurement: age-dependent change of soluble α-Klotho levels in healthy subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;398(3):513–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldan A, Giusti A, Bosi C, et al. Klotho, a new marker for osteoporosis and muscle strength in β-thalassemia major. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2015;55(4):396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aessopos A, Farmakis D, Loukopoulos D. Elastic tissue abnormalities in inherited haemolytic syndromes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2002;32(9):640–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershko C, Link G, Cabantchik I. Pathophysiology of iron overload. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998;850:191–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boraldi F, Garcia-Fernandez M, Paolinelli-deVincenzi C, et al. Ectopic calcification in β-thalassemia patients is associated with increased oxidative stress and lower MGP carboxylation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1832(12):2077–2084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti A, Pinto V, Forni GL, Pilotto A. Management of β-thalassemia-associated osteoporosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2016;1368(1):73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti A, Barone A, Pioli G, et al. Alendronate and indapamide alone or in combination in the management of hypercalciuria associated with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial of two drugs and three treatments. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24(5):1472–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asai O, Nakatani K, Tanaka T, et al. Decreased renal α-Klotho expression in early diabetic nephropathy in humans and mice and its possible role in urinary calcium excretion. Kidney Int. 2012;81(6)539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander RT, Woudenberg-Vrenken TE, Buurman J, et al. Klotho prevents renal calcium loss. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(11):2371–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn CT, Johnson VL, Kim H-Y, et al. Renal dysfunction in patients with thalassaemia. Br J Haematol. 2011;153(1):111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong P, Polkinghorne K, Kerr PG, et al. Deferasirox at therapeutic doses is associated with dose-dependent hypercalciuria. Bone. 2016;85:55–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economou M, Printza N, Teli A, et al. Renal dysfunction in patients with β-thalassemia major receiving iron chelation therapy either with deferoxamine and deferiprone or with deferasirox. Acta Haematol. 2010;123(3):148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contri MB, Boraldi F, Taparelli F, et al. Matrix proteins with high affinity for calcium ions are associated with mineralization within the elastic fibers of pseudoxanthoma elasticum dermis. Am J Pathol. 1996;148(2):569–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baccarani-Contri M, Bacchelli B, Boraldi F, et al. Characterization of pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like lesions in the skin of patients with β-thalassemia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(1):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmakis D, Polonifi A, Deftereos S, et al. Aortic valve replacement in a patient with thalassemia intermedia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;81(2):737–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim K, Lu T-S, Molostvov G, et al. Vascular Klotho deficiency potentiates the development of human artery calcification and mediates resistance to fibroblast growth factor 23. Circulation. 2012;125(18):2243–2255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu MC, Kuro-o M, Moe OW. Secreted Klotho and chronic kidney disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;728:126–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John GB, Cheng C-Y, Kuro-o M. Role of Klotho in aging, phosphate metabolism, and CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(1):127–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komaba H, Fukagawa M. Vitamin D and secreted Klotho: a long-awaited panacea for vascular calcification? Kidney Int. 2012;82(12):1248–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibrock CB, Alesutan I, Voelkl J, et al. NH4Cl treatment prevents tissue calcification in Klotho deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(10):2423–2433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold JA. Vascular calcification: mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2015;25(4):267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian EM, Suva LJ, Friedman PA. Differential effects of intermittent PTH(1-34) and PTH(7-34) on bone microarchitecture and aortic calcification in experimental renal failure. Bone. 2008;43:1022–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haussler MR, Haussler CA, Whitfield GK, et al. The nuclear vitamin D receptor controls the expression of genes encoding factors which feed the ‘Fountain of Youth’ to mediate healthful aging. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010;121(1–2):88–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Q, Sato T, Densmore M, et al. FGF-23/Klotho signaling is not essential for the phosphaturic and anabolic functions of PTH. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(9):2026–2035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imura A, Tsuji Y, Murata M, et al. α-Klotho as a regulator of calcium homeostasis. Science. 2007;316(5831):1615–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haussler MMR, Whitfield GK, Kaneko I, et al. The role of vitamin D in the FGF23, klotho, and phosphate bone-kidney endocrine axis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012;21;13(1):57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofman-Bang J, Martuseviciene G, Santini MA, et al. Increased parathyroid expression of klotho in uremic rats. Kidney Int. 2010;78(11):1119–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar