References
- Gibbs WN, Opatowsky MJ, Burton EC. AIRP best cases in radiologic-pathologic correlation: cerebral fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell β-thalassemia. Radiographics. 2012;32(5):1301–1306.
- Ataga KI, Orringer EP. Bone marrow necrosis in sickle cell disease: a description of three cases and a review of the literature. Am J Med Sci. 2000;320(5):342–347.
- Styles LA, Schalkwijk CG, Aarsman AJ, et al. Phospholipase A2 levels in acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease. Blood. 1996;87(6):2573–2578.
- Tsitsikas DA, Vize J, Abukar J. Fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3601.
- Rothberg DL, Makarewich CA. Fat embolism and fat embolism syndrome. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(8):e346–e355.
- Bailey K, Wesley J, Adeyinka A, et al. Integrating fat embolism syndrome scoring indices in sickle cell disease: a practice management review. J Intensive Care Med. 2019;34(10):797–804.
- Hambley BC, Rahman RA, Reback M, et al. Intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunts were present in at least 35% of adults with homozygous sickle cell disease followed in an outpatient clinic. Haematologica. 2019;104(1):e1–e3.
- Bardana D, Rudan J, Cervenko F, et al. Fat embolism syndrome in a patient demonstrating only neurologic symptoms. Can J Surg. 1998;41(5):398–402.
- Zaitsu Y, Terae S, Kudo K, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging of cerebral fat embolism. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010;34(1):107–112.
- Scarpino M, Lanzo G, Lolli F, et al. From the diagnosis to the therapeutic management: cerebral fat embolism, a clinical challenge. Int J Gen Med. 2019;12:39–48.
- Hawkins F, Ebel N, Sorescu GP, et al. Keeping it in the family: three relatives with HbSC disease and simultaneous acute pulmonary emboli. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(1):101–104.
- Chen JJ-S, Ha JC, Mirvis SE. MR imaging of the brain in fat embolism syndrome. Emerg Radiol. 2008;15(3):187–192.
- Tsitsikas DA, Gallinella G, Patel S, et al. Bone marrow necrosis and fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease: increased susceptibility of patients with non-SS genotypes and a possible association with human parvovirus B19 infection. Blood Rev. 2014;28(1):23–30.
- Graham JK, Mosunjac M, Hanzlick RL, et al. Sickle cell lung disease and sudden death: a retrospective/prospective study of 21 autopsy cases and literature review. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007;28(2):168–172.
- Greaves P, Mathew V, Peters C, et al. Successful outcome of three patients with sickle-cell disease and fat embolism syndrome treated with intensive exchange transfusion. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5(1):39–43.
- Tsitsikas DA, May JE, Gangaraju R, et al. Revisiting fat embolism in sickle syndromes: diagnostic and emergency therapeutic measures. Br J Haematol. 2019;186(4):e112–e115.
- Ryu CW, Lee DH, Kim TK, et al. Cerebral fat embolism: diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings. Acta Radiol. 2005;46(5):528–533.
- Lee TC, Bartlett ES, Fox AJ, et al. The hypodense artery sign. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(8):2027–2029.
- Avila JD. Hypodense artery sign in cerebral fat embolism. Pract Neurol. 2017;17(4):304–305.
- Kang JH, Hargett CW, Sevilis T, et al. Sickle cell disease, fat embolism syndrome, and “starfield” pattern on MRI. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018;8(2):162–164.
- Mossa-Basha M, Izbudak I, Gurda GT, et al. Cerebral fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell anaemia/β-thalassemia: importance of susceptibility-weighted MRI. Clin Radiol. 2012;67(10):1023–1026.
- Drew PA, Smith E, Thomas PD. Fat distribution and changes in the blood brain barrier in a rat model of cerebral arterial fat embolism. J Neurol Sci. 1998;156(2):138–143.
- Kim HJ, Lee CH, Lee SH, et al. Early development of vasogenic edema in experimental cerebral fat embolism in cats: correlation with MRI and electron microscopic findings. Invest Radiol. 2001;36(8):460–469.
- Moseley ME, Cohen Y, Mintorovitch J, et al. Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats: comparison of diffusion- and T2-weighted MRI and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med. 1990;14(2):330–346.
- Kamenar E, Burger PC. Cerebral fat embolism: a neuropathological study of a microembolic state. Stroke. 1980;11(5):477–484.
- Gupta A, Reilly CS. Fat embolism. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2007;7(5):148–151.
- Dang NC, Johnson C, Eslami-Farsani M, et al. Bone marrow embolism in sickle cell disease: a review. Am J Hematol. 2005;79(1):61–67.
- Chan KM, Tham KT, Chiu HS, et al. Post-traumatic fat embolism–its clinical and subclinical presentations. J Trauma. 1984;24(1):45–49.
- Simon AD, Ulmer JL, Strottmann JM. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of cerebral fat embolism: case report and review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24(1):97–101.
- Dhakal LP, Bourgeois K, Barrett KM, et al. The “starfield” pattern of cerebral fat embolism from bone marrow necrosis in sickle cell crisis. Neurohospitalist. 2015;5(2):74–76.
- Gendreau S, Scholer M, Cecchini J, et al. Cerebral fat embolism in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 2020;95(2):E41–E45.
- Takahashi M, Suzuki R, Osakabe Y, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in cerebral fat embolism: correlation with clinical manifestations. J Trauma. 1999;46(2):324–327.
- Shapiro MP, Hayes JA. Fat embolism in sickle cell disease. Report of a case with brief review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144(1):181–182.