REFERENCES

• Allan, J. D., R. Abell, Z. Hogan, C. Revenga, B. W. Taylor, R. L. Welcomme, and K. Winemiller. 2005. Overfishing of inland waters. BioScience 55: 1041–1051.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASMFC (Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission). 1981. Interstate fisheries management plan for the striped bass. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, Fisheries Management Report 1, Washington, D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Bettoli, P. W., G. D. Scholten, and W. C. Reeves. 2007. Protecting Paddlefish from overfishing: a case history of the research and regulatory process. Fisheries 32: 390–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boreman, J. 1997. Sensitivity of North American sturgeons and Paddlefish to fishing mortality. Pages 399–405 in V. J. Birstein, J. R. Waldman, and W. E. Bemis, editors. Sturgeon biodiversity and conservation. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., D. A. Jackson, and H. H. Harvey. 1992. A comparison of von Bertalanffy and polynomial functions in modelling fish growth data. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49: 1228–1235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coker, R. E. 1923. Methuselah of the Mississippi. Scientific Monthly 16: 89–103.
   Google Scholar
• Colombo, R. E., J. E. Garvey, and P. S. Wills. 2007. Gonadal development and sex-specific demographics of the Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus in the middle Mississippi River. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 420–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, M. E., P. W. Bettoli, and G. D. Scholten. 2013. Predicting Paddlefish roe yields using an extension of the Beverton-Holt equilibrium yield-per-recruit model. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 33: 940–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs, D. L. 1982. Angler exploitation of Paddlefish in the Neosho River, Oklahoma. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 4: 334–342.
   Google Scholar
• Conover, G. A., and J. M. Grady. 2000. Mississippi River basin Paddlefish research coded-wire tagging project: 1998 annual report. Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association, Bettendorf, Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, S. J., and I. G. Cowx. 2006. Contrasting recreational and commercial fishing: searching for common issues to promote unified conservation of fisheries resources and aquatic environments. Biological Conservation 128: 93–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donabauer, S. B., J. N. Stoeckel, and J. W. Quinn. 2009. Exploitation, survival, reproduction, and habitat use of gravid female Paddlefish in Ozark Lake, Arkansas River, Arkansas. Pages 123–140 in C. P. Paukert and G. D. Scholten, editors. Paddlefish management, propagation, and conservation in the 21st century: building from 20 years of research and management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 66, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Field, J. D. 1997. Atlantic Striped Bass management: where did we go right? Fisheries 22(7): 6–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gengerke, T. W. 1986. Distribution and abundance. Pages 22–35 in J. G. Dillard, L. K. Graham, and T. R. Russell, editors. The Paddlefish: status, management, and propagation. American Fisheries Society, North Central Division, Special Publication 7, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear, C. P. 1993. Spawning stock biomass per recruit in fisheries management: foundation and current use. Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Science 120: 67–81.
   Google Scholar
• Grady, J., N. Utrup, C. Bergthold, G. Conover, and N. Caswell. 2005. A summary of the national Paddlefish stock assessment project, 1995–2004. Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association, Bettendorf, Iowa.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, K. 1997. Contemporary status of the North American Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Environmental Biology of Fishes 48: 279–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henley, D., L. Frankland, S. Hale, C. O'Bara, and T. Stefanavage. 2001. The case for multi-jurisdictional management of Ohio River Paddlefish Proceedings of the Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 55: 243–256.
   Google Scholar
• Hoenig, J. M. 1983. Empirical use of longevity data to estimate mortality rates. Fisheries Bulletin 82: 898–903.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker, B., S. Meyers, S. Olsen, K. Donnelly, T. Culver, K. Ford, S. Carey, and S. Bloom. 2009. Federal assistance for interjurisdictional and anadromous fisheries: program report, 2007–2008. National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Hupfeld, R. N., and Q. E. Phelps. 2014. Comparing commercial and recreational harvest characteristics of Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) (Walbaum, 1792) in the middle Mississippi River. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 30: 1531–1535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupfeld, R. N., Q. E. Phelps, M. K. Flammang, and G. W. Whitledge. 2014. Assessment of the effects of high summer water temperatures on Shovelnose Sturgeon and potential implications of climate change. River Research and Applications 31: 1195–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, J. A., and R. A. Myers. 1994. What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 2126–2146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, J. A., and J. D. Reynolds. 2004. Marine fish population collapses: consequences for recovery and extinction risk. BioScience 54: 297–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irons, K. S., G. G. Sass, M. A. McClelland, and J. D. Stafford. 2007. Reduced condition factor of two native fish species coincident with invasion of non-native Asian carps in the Illinois River, USA. Is this evidence for competition and reduced fitness? Journal of Fish Biology 71: 258–273.
   Google Scholar
• Jerek, J. 2013. MDC and federal agents snag major Paddlefish poaching operation. Missouri Department of Conservation press release. Available: mdc.mo.gov/newsroom/mdc-and-federal-agents-snag-major-paddlefish-poaching-operation. (July 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Larimore, R. W. 1950. Gametogenesis of Polyodon spathula (Walbaum): a basis for regulation of the fishery. Copeia 2: 116–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mississippi Interstate Cooperative Resource Association (MICRA). n.d. Available: www.micrarivers.org
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, L. L., B. D. S. Graeb, D. W. Willis, and J. S. Sorensen. 2015. Evaluating effects of exploitation on annual apparent mortality rates of Paddlefish using mark-recapture data. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 144: 337–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, L. L., B. D. S. Graeb, D. W. Willis, J. S. Sorensen, and M. A. Pegg. 2011. Stocking success of Paddlefish in Lake Francis Case, South Dakota: population characteristics and sport fishery potential. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 140: 1359–1369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pikitch, E. K., P. Doukakis, L. Lauck, P. Chakrabarty, and D. E. Erickson. 2005. Status, trends, and management of sturgeon and Paddlefish fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 6: 233–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourkazemi, M. 2006. Caspian Sea sturgeon conservation and fisheries: past, present, and future. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 22: 12–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pracheil, B. M., M. A. Pegg, L. A. Powell, and G. E. Mestl. 2012. Swimways: protecting Paddlefish through movement-centered management. Fisheries 37: 449–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, J. W. 2009. Harvest of Paddlefish in North America. Pages 203–221 in C. P. Paukert and G. D. Scholten, editors. Paddlefish management, propagation, and conservation in the 21st century: building from 20 years of research and management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 66, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Ratkowsky, D. A. 1983. Nonlinear regression modelling. Marcel Dekker, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Reed, B. C., W. E. Kelso, and D. A. Rutherfort. 1992. Growth, fecundity, and mortality of Paddlefish in Louisiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 378–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, R. A., and P. J. Rago. 1999. A case history of effective fishery management: Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass. North American Journal of Fish Management 19: 356–375.
   Google Scholar
• Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 191. Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service, Ottawa, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Runstrom, A. L., R. M. Bruch, D. Reiter, and D. Cox. 2002. Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) on the Menominee Indian Reservation: an effort toward co-management and population restoration. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 18: 481–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runstrom, A. L., B. Vondracek, and C. A. Jennings. 2001. Population statistics for Paddlefish in the Wisconsin River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130: 546–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sass, G. G., C. Hinz, A. C. Erickson, N. N. McClelland, M. A. McClelland, and J. M. Epifanio. 2014. Invasive Bighead and Silver Carp effects on zooplankton communities in the Illinois River, Illinois, USA. Journal of Great Lakes Research 40: 911–921.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarnecchia, D. L., L. F. Ryckman, Y. Lim, G. Power, B. Schmitz, and V. Riggs. 2006. A long-term program for validation and verification of dentaries for age estimation in the Yellowstone Paddlefish stock. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 135: 1086–1094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarnecchia, D. L., P. A. Stewart, and G. J. Power. 1996. Age structure of the Yellowstone-Sakakawea Paddlefish stock, 1963–1993, in relation to reservoir history. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125: 291–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten, G. D. 2009. Management of commercial Paddlefish fisheries in the United States. Pages 291–306 in C. P. Paukert and G. D. Scholten, editors. Paddlefish management, propagation, and conservation in the 21st century: building from 20 years of research and management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 66, Bethesda, Maryland.
   Google Scholar
• Scholten, G. D., and P. W. Bettoli. 2005. Population characteristics and assessment of overfishing for an exploited Paddlefish population in the lower Tennessee River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134: 1285–1298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrank S.J., C. S. Guy, and J. F. Fairchild. 2003. Competitive interactions between age-0 Bighead Carp and Paddlefish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 1222–1228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharov, A., M. Wilberg, and J. Robinson. 2014. Developing biological reference points and identifying stock status for management of Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in the Mississippi River basin. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Final Report, Falls Church, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Slipke, J. W., and M. J. Maceina. 2000. Fisheries Analysis and Simulation Tools (FAST) user's guide. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Slipke, J. W., and M. J. Maceina 2010. Fishery analyses and modeling simulator (FAMS). Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Slipke, J. W., A. D. Murphy, J. Pitlo, and M. J. Maceina. 2002. Use of the spawning potential ratio for the upper Mississippi River Channel Catfish fishery. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22: 1295–1300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stancill, W., G. R. Jordan, and C. P. Paukert. 2002. Seasonal migration patterns and site fidelity of adult Paddlefish in Lake Francis Case, Missouri River. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 22: 815–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockard, C. R. 1907. Observations on the natural history of Polyodon spathula. American Naturalist 12: 753–766.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, M. G. 2003. Active management of Walleye fisheries in Alberta: dilemmas of managing recovering fisheries. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 23: 1343–1358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp, S. J., R. Brooks, D. P. Herzog, and J. E. Garvey. 2014. Patterns of fish passage in the upper Mississippi River. River Research and Applications 30: 1056–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp, S. J., J. E. Garvey, and A. Asher. 2012. Status of Paddlefish in the lower Mississippi River. Southern Illinois University, draft report 2012, Carbondale.
   Google Scholar
• Tripp, S. J., Q. E. Phelps, R. E. Colombo, J. E. Garvey, B. M. Burr, D. P. Herzog, and R. A. Hrabik. 2009. Maturation and reproduction of Shovelnose Sturgeon in the middle Mississippi River. North American Journal of Fish Management 29: 730–738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R. E., and N. N. Rabalais. 1991. Changes in Mississippi River water quality this century. BioScience 41(3): 140–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar