3,375
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The computer-mediated communication (CMC) classroom: a challenge of medium, presence, interaction, identity, and relationship

Pages 497-523 | Published online: 21 Sep 2010

References

  • Acar , A. 2008 . Antecedents and consequences of online social networking behavior: The case of Facebook . Journal of Website Promotion , 3 : 62 – 83 .
  • Allen , T.H. 2006 . Is the rush to provide on-line instruction setting our students up for failure? . Communication Education , 55 : 122 – 126 .
  • An , Y.J. , & Frick , T. 2006 Student perceptions of asynchronous computer-mediated communication in face-to-face courses . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 , article 5. Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol11/issue2/an.html
  • Anderson , T.L. and Emmers-Sommer , T.M. 2006 . Predictors of relationship satisfaction in online romantic relationships . Communication Studies , 57 : 153 – 172 .
  • Antonijevic , S. 2008 . From text to gesture online: A microethnographic analysis of nonverbal communication in the Second Life virtual environment . Information Communication & Society , 11 : 221 – 238 .
  • Arbaugh , J.B. 2001 . How instructor immediacy behaviors affect student satisfaction and learning in web-based courses . Business Communication Quarterly , 64 : 42 – 54 .
  • Bailenson , J.N. , Yee , N. , Blascovich , J. and Guadagno , R.E. 2008 . “ Transformed social interaction in mediated interpersonal communication ” . In Mediated interpersonal communication , Edited by: Konijn , E.A. , Utz , S. , Tanis , M. and Barnes , S.B. 77 – 99 . New York : Routledge .
  • Balakrishnan , B. , Nikolic , D. & Zikic , N. 2007 , May “Where am I? Impact of display and content variables on spatial presence and comprehension in virtual environments . Paper presented at the International Communication Association Convention, San Francisco, CA .
  • Bates , M.C. 2009 . Persistent rhetoric for persistent worlds: The mutability of the self in massively multiplayer online role-playing games . Quarterly Review of Film and Video , 26 : 102 – 117 .
  • Beers-Fägersten , K. 2010 Using discourse analysis to assess social co-presence in the video conference environment . In Shedletsky , L. , & Aitken , J.E Cases on online discussion and interaction: Experiences and outcomes 175 193 Hershey, PA : IGI Global .
  • Bejerano , A.R. 2008 . Raising the question #11 the genesis and evolution of online degree programs: Who are they for and what have we lost along the way? . Communication Education , 57 : 408 – 414 .
  • Benoit , P.J. , Benoit , W.L. , Milyo , J. and Hansen , G.J. 2006 . The effects of traditional vs. web-assisted instruction on student learning and satisfaction , Columbia, MO : The Graduate School, University of Missouri .
  • Berger , C.R. and Calabrese , R.L. 1975 . Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication . Human Communication Research , 1 : 99 – 112 .
  • Biocca , F. , Burgoon , J.K. , Harms , C. , & Stoner , M. 2001 Criteria and scope conditions for a theory and measure of social presence . Retrieved from http://www.mindlab.org
  • Biocca , F. , Harms , C. , & Burgoon , J.K. 2003 Towards a more robust theory and measure of social presence: Review and suggested criteria . Retrieved from http://www.mindlab.org .
  • Blackledge , A. and Creese , A. 2009 . Meaning-making as dialogic process: Official and carnival lives in the language classroom . Journal of Language, Identity and Education , 8 : 236 – 253 .
  • Boase , J. 2008 . Personal networks and the personal communication system . Information Communication & Society , 11 : 490 – 508 .
  • Boostrom , R. 2008 The social construction of virtual reality and the stigmatized identity of the newbie . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 1 , Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org/
  • Boras , S.D. 2009 , February Lost in translation: Regulation of the situated self in an age of digital discourse . Paper presented at the Western States Communication Association Convention. Phoenix, AZ .
  • Boster , F.J. , Meyer , G.S. , Roberto , A.J. , Inge , C. and Strom , R. 2006 . Some effects of video streaming on educational achievement . Communication Education , 55 : 46 – 62 .
  • Bunz , U. and Campbell , S.W. 2004 . Politeness accommodation in electronic mail . Communication Research Reports , 21 : 11 – 25 .
  • Byron , K. 2008 . Carrying too heavy a load? The communication and miscommunication of emotion by email . Academy of Management Review , 33 : 309 – 327 .
  • Byron , K. and Baldridge , D.C. 2007 . E-mail recipients’ impressions of senders’ likability . Journal of Business Communication , 44 : 37 – 160 .
  • Campbell , C. 2009 Learning in a different life: Pre-service education students using an online virtual world . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org .
  • Campbell , K. and Wright , K.B. 2002 . On-line support groups: An investigation of relationships among source credibility, dimensions of relational communication, and perceptions of emotional support . Communication Research Reports , 19 : 183 – 193 .
  • Campbell , S.W. and Neer , M.R. 2001 . The relationship of communication apprehension and interaction involvement to perceptions of computer-mediated communication . Communication Research Reports , 18 : 391 – 398 .
  • Caplan , S.E. 2003 . Preference for online social interaction . Communication Research , 30 : 625 – 648 .
  • Caplan , S.E. 2007 . Relations among loneliness, social anxiety, and problematic Internet use . CyberPsychology and Behavior , 10 : 234 – 241 .
  • Caplan , S.E. and High , A.C. 2006 . Beyond excessive use: The interaction between cognitive and behavioral symptoms of problematic internet use . Communication Research Reports , 23 : 265 – 271 .
  • Carpenter , B.S. II 2009 Virtual worlds as educational experience: Living and learning in interesting times . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org .
  • Carrell , L.J. and Menzel , K.E. 2001 . Variations in learning, motivation, and perceived immediacy between live and distance education classrooms . Communication Education , 50 : 230 – 240 .
  • Chodos , D. , Naeimi , P. , & Stroulia , E. 2009 An integrated framework for simulation-based training on video and in a virtual world . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org .
  • Cornelius , C. and Boos , M. 2003 . Enhancing mutual understanding in synchronous computer-mediated communication by training . Communication Research , 30 : 47 – 177 .
  • Daft , R. and Lengel , R. 1986 . Organizational information requirements, media richness, and structural design . Management Science , 32 : 554 – 571 .
  • Daniels , M. 2002 Teaching small group communication using first class software . Qualitative Research Reports in Communication , 32 38 .
  • Debatin , B. , Lovejoy , J.P. , Horn , A. and Hughes , B.N. 2009 . Facebook and online privacy: Attitudes, behaviors, and unintended consequences . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 15 : 83 – 108 .
  • DeLucia , A. , Francese , R. , Passero , I. and Tortora , G. 2009 . Development and evaluation of a virtual campus on Second Life: The case of Second DMI . Computers & Education , 52 : 220 – 233 .
  • Demetrious , K. 2008 . Secrecy and illusion: Second Life and the construction of unreality . Australian Journal of Communication , 35 : 1 – 13 .
  • Deutschmann , M. and Panichi , L. 2009 . Talking into empty space? Signaling involvement in a virtual language classroom in Second Life . Language Awareness , 18 : 310 – 328 .
  • Dippold , D. 2009 . Peer feedback through blogs: Student and teacher perceptions in an advanced German class . ReCall , 21 : 18 – 36 .
  • dos Santos , R.P. 2009 Second Life physics: Virtual, real or surreal? Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org .
  • Dresner , E. and Barak , S. 2009 . Effects of visual spatial structure on textual conversational multitasking . Communication Quarterly , 57 : 104 – 115 .
  • Dsilva , M.U. , Maddox , R. and Collins , B. 1998 . Criticism on the internet: An analysis of participant reactions . Communication Research Reports , 15 : 180 – 187 .
  • Duthler , K.W. 2006 . The politeness of requests made via email and voicemail: Support for the hyperpersonal model . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 11 : 500 – 521 .
  • Edwards , C. , Edwards , A. , Qing , Q. and Wahl , S.T. 2007 . The influence of computer-mediated word-of-mouth communication on student perceptions of instructors and attitudes toward learning course content . Communication Education , 56 : 255 – 277 .
  • Eichhorn , K.C. 2008 . Soliciting and providing social support over the internet: An investigation of online eating disorder support groups . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 67 – 78 .
  • Ellison , N. , Heino , R. and Gibbs , J. 2006 . Managing impressions online: Self-presentation processes in the online dating environment . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 11 : 415 – 441 .
  • Ellison , N.B. , Steinfield , C. and Lampe , C. 2007 . The benefits of facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 12 : 1143 – 1168 .
  • Esteves , M. , Fonseca , B. , Morgado , L. , & Martins , P. 2009 Using Second Life for problem based learning in computer science programming . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org .
  • Flanagin , A.J. 2005 . IM online: Instant messaging use among college students . Communication Research Reports , 22 : 175 – 187 .
  • Flanagin , A.J. , Tiyaamornwong , V. , O'Connor , J. and Seibold , D.R. 2002 . Computer-mediated group work: The interaction of member sex and anonymity . Communication Research , 29 : 66 – 93 .
  • Flowers , A. , Gregson , K. , & Trigilio , J. 2009 , April Web interaction from 2D to 3D: New dimensions in company–stakeholder communications in Second Life . Paper presented at the Eastern Communication Association Convention. Philadelphia, PA .
  • Gaimster , J. 2007 . Reflections on interactions in virtual worlds and their implication for learning art and design . Art Design & Communication in Higher Education , 6 : 187 – 199 .
  • Garcia , A.C. , Standlee , A. I , Bechkoff , J. and Cui , Y. 2009 . Ethnographic approaches to the internet and computer-mediated communication . Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , 38 : 52 – 84 .
  • Gibbs , J.L. , Ellison , N.B. and Heino , R.D. 2008 . Self-presentation in online personals . Communication Research , 33 : 152 – 177 .
  • Gong , L. and Nass , C. 2007 . When a talking-face computer agent is half-human and half-humanoid: Human identity and consistency preference . Human Communication Research , 33 : 163 – 193 .
  • Grasmuck , S. , Martin , J. and Zhao , S. 2009 . Ethno-racial identity displays on Facebook . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 15 : 158 – 188 .
  • Greenhow , C. and Robelia , B. 2009 . Old communication, new literacies: Social network sites as social learning resources . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 1130 – 1161 .
  • Gudykunst , W.B. , Yang , S. and Nishida , T. 1985 . A cross-cultural test of uncertainty reduction theory . Human Communication Research , 11 : 407 – 454 .
  • Hancock , J.T. and Dunham , P.J. 2001 . Impression formation in computer-mediated communication revisited . Communication Research , 28 : 325 – 347 .
  • Hargittai , E. 2007 . Whose space? Differences among users and non-users of social network sites . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 276 – 297 .
  • Harrison , R. 2009 . Excavating Second Life: Cyber-Archaeologies, heritage and virtual communities . Journal of Material Culture , 14 : 75 – 106 .
  • Henderson , S. and Gilding , M. 2004 . ‘I've never clicked this much with anyone in my life’: Trust and hyperpersonal communication in online friendships . New Media & Society , 6 : 487 – 506 .
  • Herold , D.K. 2009 Virtual Education: Teaching media studies in Second Life . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Herring , S.C. 2004 . Slouching toward the ordinary: Current trends in computer-mediated communication . New Media & Society , 6 : 26 – 36 .
  • Hess , A. , & Stewart , K. 2009 , February Finding islands of community in a sea of commodification: A rhetorical and ludologic analysis of the public and private character of Second Life . Paper presented at the Western States Communication Association Convention, Phoenix, AZ .
  • High , A. and Caplan , S. 2009 . Social anxiety and computer-mediated communication during initial interactions: Implications for the hyperpersonal perspective . Computers in Human Behavior , 25 : 475 – 482 .
  • Ho , S.S. and McLeod , D.M. 2008 . Social-psychological influences on opinion expression in face-to-face and computer-mediated communication . Communication Research , 35 : 190 – 207 .
  • Hrastinski , S. 2008 . What is online learner participation? A literature review . Computers & Education , 51 : 1755 – 1765 .
  • Hudson , K. , & Degast-Kennedy , K. 2009 Canadian border simulation at Loyalist College . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 1 Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Jang , S. 2009 . Exploration of secondary students’ creativity by integrating web-based technology into an innovative science curriculum . Computer & Education , 52 : 247 – 255 .
  • Jarmon , L. 2009 An ecology of embodied interaction: Pedagogy and homo virtualis . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 1 Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Jarmon , L. , Lim , K.Y.T. , & Carpenter , B.S. II 2009 Introduction: Pedagogy, education and innovation in virtual worlds . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Jenks , C.J. 2009 . Getting acquainted in skypecasts: Aspects of social organization in online chat rooms . International Journal of Applied Linguistics , 19 : 26 – 46 .
  • Jeong , A.C. 2003 . The sequential analysis of group interaction and critical thinking in online threaded discussions . American Journal of Distance Education , 17 : 25 – 43 .
  • Keaten , J.A. and Kelly , L. 2008 . “Re: We really need to talk”: Affect for communication channels, competence, and fear of negative evaluation . Communication Quarterly , 56 : 407 – 426 .
  • Kim , J. 2002 , October ). Interpersonal interaction in computer mediated communication (CMC): Exploratory qualitative research based on critical review of existing theories . Paper presented at the International Communication Association convention, Seoul, Korea .
  • Kingsley , J. and Wankel , C. 2009 . “ Introduction ” . In Higher education in virtual worlds: Teaching and learning in Second Life , Edited by: Wankel , C. and Kingsley , J. 1 – 9 . Bingley, , UK : Emerald .
  • Kirkpatrick , G. 2005 . Online ‘chat’ facilities as pedagogic tools . Active Learning in Higher Education , 6 : 145 – 159 .
  • Knopf , C.M. 2009 , April When the going green gets tough: Environmental action, transgressions, and online confessions . Paper presented at the Eastern Communication Association Convention. Philadelphia, PA .
  • Kock , N. 2004 . The psychobiological model: Towards a new theory of computer-mediated communication based on Darwinian evolution . Organization Science , 15 : 327 – 348 .
  • Kuehn , S.A. 1994 . Computer-mediated communication in instructional settings: A research agenda . Communication Education , 43 : 171 – 183 .
  • Lane , D.R. and Shelton , M.W. 2001 . The centrality of communication education in classroom computer-mediated-communication: Toward a practical and evaluative pedagogy . Communication Education , 50 : 241 – 255 .
  • LaRose , R. , Eastin , M.S. , & Gregg , J. 2001 Reformulating the Internet paradox: Social cognitive explanations of Internet use and depression . Journal of Online Behavior , 1 . Retrieved from http://www.behavior.net/JOB/v1n2/paradox.html
  • Laverie , D.A. and McDonald , R.E. 2007 . Volunteer dedication: Understanding the role of identity importance on participation frequency . Journal of Macromarketing , 27 : 274 – 288 .
  • Lazzari , M. 2009 . Creative use of podcasting in higher education and its effect on competitive agency . Computers & Education , 52 : 27 – 34 .
  • Lee , E. 2004 . Effects of visual representation on social influence in computer-mediated communication . Human Communication Research , 30 : 234 – 259 .
  • Lee , E. 2005 . Effects of the influence agent's sex and self-confidence on informational social influence in computer-mediated communication: Quantitative versus verbal presentation . Communication Research , 32 : 29 – 58 .
  • Lee , E. 2007 . Effects of gendered language on gender stereotyping in computer-mediated communication: The moderating role of depersonalization and gender-role orientation . Human Communication Research , 33 : 515 – 535 .
  • Lee , E. and Nass , C. 2002 . Experimental tests of normative group influence and representation effects in computer-mediated communication . Human Communication Research , 28 : 349 – 381 .
  • Lee , K.M. 2004 . Presence, explicated . Communication Theory , 14 : 27 – 50 .
  • Lee , P.D. 2009 Using Second Life to teach operations management . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Leiner , D.J. and Quiring , O. 2008 . What interactivity means to the user: Essential insights into and a scale for perceived interactivity . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 127 – 155 .
  • Lengel , R.H. and Daft , R.L. 1988 . The selection of communication media as an executive skill . Executive , 2 : 225 – 232 .
  • Leonard , L.G. , Withers , L.A. , & Sherblom , J.C. 2010 The paradox of computer-mediated communication and identity: Peril, promise and Second Life . In J. Park & E. Abel , Interpersonal relations and social patterns in communication technologies: Discourse norms, language structures and cultural variables 1 17 Hershey, PA : IGI Global.
  • Levine , S.J. 2007 . The online discussion board . New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education , 113 : 67 – 74 .
  • Light , V. , Nesbitt , E. , Light , P. and Burns , J.R. 2000 . ‘Let's you and me have a little discussion’: Computer mediated communication in support of campus-based university courses . Studies in Higher Education , 25 : 85 – 96 .
  • Lim , K. 2009 The six learnings of second life: A framework for designing curricular interventions in-world . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Lira , E.M. , Ripoll , P. , Peiro , J.M. and Zornoza , A.M. 2008 . The role of information and communication technologies in the relationship between group effectiveness and group potency . Small Group Research , 39 : 728 – 745 .
  • Liu , X. 2010 . Empirical testing of a theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: An exploratory study of educational wikis . Communication Education , 59 : 52 – 69 .
  • Martin , J. 2008 Consuming code: Use-value, exchange-value, and the role of virtual goods in Second Life . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 1 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Matei , S. and Ball-Rokeach , S.J. 2001 . Real and virtual social ties . American Behavioral Scientist , 45 : 552 – 566 .
  • Mazer , J.P. , Murphy , R.E. and Simonds , C.J. 2007 . I'll see you on “facebook”: The effects of computer-mediated teacher self-disclosure on student motivation, affective learning, and classroom climate . Communication Education , 56 : 1 – 17 .
  • McGrath , J.E. and Hollingshead , A.B. 1994 . Groups interacting with technology , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Meadows , M.S. 2008 . I, avatar , Berkeley, CA : New Riders .
  • Messinger , P.R. , Ge , X. , Stroulia , E. , Lyons , K. , & Smirnov , K. 2008 On the relationship between my avatar and myself . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 1 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Michinov , N. , Michinov , E. and Toczek-Capelle , M.C. 2004 . Social identity, group processes, and performance in synchronous computer-mediated communication . Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice , 8 : 27 – 39 .
  • Mo , P.K.H. , Malik , S.H. and Coulson , N.S. 2009 . Gender differences in computer-mediated communication: A systematic literature review of online health-related support groups . Patient Education and Counseling , 75 : 16 – 24 .
  • Mon , L. 2009 Questions and answers in a virtual world: Educators and librarians as information providers in Second Life . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Monberg , J. 2005 . Trajectories of computer-mediated communication research . Southern Communication Journal , 70 : 181 – 186 .
  • Montero-Fleta , B. , Montesinos-López , A. , Pérez-Sabater , C. and Turney , E. 2009 . Computer mediated communication and informalization of discourse: The influence of culture and subject matter . Journal of Pragmatics , 41 : 770 – 779 .
  • Nesson , R. and Nesson , C. 2008 . The case for education in virtual worlds . Space and Culture , 11 : 273 – 284 .
  • Norris , J. 2009 The growth and direction of healthcare support groups in virtual worlds . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Nov , O. and Rafaeli , S. 2009 . Measuring the premium on common knowledge in computer-mediated coordination problems . Computer in Human Behavior , 25 : 171 – 174 .
  • Nowak , K. 2001 Defining and differentiating copresence, social presence and presence as transportation . Paper presented at Presence, Philadelphia, PA. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary? doi: 10.1.1.19.5482
  • Nowak , K. and Biocca , F. 2003 . The effect of the agency and anthropomorphism on users’ sense of telepresence, copresence, and social presence in virtual environments . Presence , 12 : 481 – 494 .
  • Nowak , K.L. and Rauh , C. 2006 . The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 11 : 153 – 178 .
  • Orgad , S. 2005 . Storytelling online: Talking breast cancer on the internet , New York : Peter Lang .
  • O'Sullivan , P.B. and Flanagin , A.J. 2003 . Reconceptualizing ‘flaming’ and other problematic messages . New Media & Society , 5 : 69 – 94 .
  • Park , J. 2008 . Linguistic politeness and face-work in computer mediated communication, part 2: An application of the theoretical framework . Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , 59 : 2199 – 2209 .
  • Park , N. , Lee , K.M. and Cheong , P.H. 2007 . University instructor's acceptance of electronic courseware: An application of the technology acceptance model . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 163 – 186 .
  • Patterson , B.R. and Gojdycz , T.K. 2000 . The relationship between computer-mediated communication and communication related anxieties . Communication Research Reports , 17 : 278 – 287 .
  • Pena , J. and Hancock , J.T. 2006 . An analysis of socioemotional and task communication in online multiplayer video games . Communication Research , 33 : 92 – 109 .
  • Pena , J. , Walther , J.B. and Hancock , J.T. 2007 . Effects of geographic distribution on dominance perceptions in computer-mediated groups . Communication Research , 34 : 313 – 331 .
  • Postmes , T. , Spears , R. and Lea , M. 1998 . Breaching or building social boundaries: SIDE effects of computer-mediated communication . Communication Research , 25 : 689 – 715 .
  • Pratt , L. , Wiseman , R.L. , Cody , M.J. and Wendt , P.L. 1999 . Interrogative strategies and information exchange in computer-mediated communication . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 46 – 66 .
  • Rainie , L. 2006 , October Digital natives: How today's youth are different from their ‘digital immigrant’ elders and what that means for libraries . Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org
  • Rainie , L. 2007a , April The new media ecology: How the marketplace of ideas and learning is different for ‘digital natives .’ Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org
  • Rainie , L. 2007b , February, 1 The new digital ecology: The growth and impact of the internet (and related technologies) . Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org
  • Rainie , L. ( 2007c , February, 18 Communities, learning and the internet . Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org
  • Rains , S.A. 2007 . The impact of anonymity on perceptions of source credibility and influence in computer-mediated group communication . Communication Research , 34 : 100 – 125 .
  • Ramirez , A. and Burgoon , J.K. 2004 . The effect of interactivity on initial interactions: The influence of information valence and modality and information richness on computer-mediated interaction . Communication Monographs , 71 : 422 – 447 .
  • Ramirez , A. , Walther , J.B. , Burgoon , J.K. and Sunnafrank , M. 2002 . Information-seeking strategies, uncertainty, and computer-mediated communication: Toward a conceptual model . Human Communication Research , 28 : 213 – 228 .
  • Ramirez , A. and Zhang , S. 2007 . When online meets offline: The effect of modality switching on relational communication . Communication Monographs , 74 : 287 – 310 .
  • Ramirez , A. , Zhang , S. , McGrew , C. and Lin , S. 2007 . Relational communication in computer-mediated interaction revisited: A comparison of participant-observer perspectives . Communication Monographs , 74 : 492 – 516 .
  • Rao , S. , Shen , Y. and Fritz , S. 2006 . Gender and the uses and gratifications of the internet among college students in China . Asian Communication Research , 9 : 73 – 84 .
  • Rice , L. and Markey , P.M. 2009 . The role of extraversion and neuroticism in influencing anxiety following computer-mediated interactions . Personality and Individual Differences , 46 : 35 – 39 .
  • Robbins-Bell , S. 2008 Higher education as virtual conversation . EDUCAUSE Review , 43 , 5 .
  • Robinson , J.D. and Turner , J. 2003 . Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal social support: Cancer and older adults . Health Communication , 15 : 227 – 234 .
  • Romano , N.C. Jr. , Lowry , P.B. and Roberts , T.L. 2007 . Technology-supported small group interaction . Small Group Research , 38 : 3 – 11 .
  • Rumbough , T. 2001 . The development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships through computer-mediated communication . Communication Research Reports , 18 : 223 – 229 .
  • Sassenberg , K. and Boos , M. 2003 . Attitude change in computer-mediated communication: Effects of anonymity and category norms . Group Processes & Intergroup Relations , 6 : 405 – 422 .
  • Schouten , A.P. , Valkenburg , P.M. and Peter , J. 2007 . Precursors and underlying processes of adolescents’ online self-disclosure: Developing and testing an “internet-attribute-perception” model . Media Psychology , 10 : 292 – 315 .
  • Schrire , S. 2004 . Interaction and cognition in asynchronous computer conferencing . Instructional Science , 32 : 475 – 502 .
  • Schrire , S. 2006 . Knowledge building in asynchronous discussion groups: Going beyond quantitative analysis . Computers & Education , 46 : 49 – 70 .
  • Schrodt , P. and Witt , P.L. 2006 . Students’ attributions of instructor credibility as a function of students’ expectations of instructional technology use and nonverbal immediacy . Communication Education , 55 : 1 – 20 .
  • Schwartz , D.T. 2009 Second Life and classical music education: Developing iconography that encourages human interaction . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Schwartzman , R. 2006 . Virtual group problem solving in the basic communication course: Lessons for online learning . Journal of Instructional Psychology , 33 : 3 – 14 .
  • Scott , C.R. and Timmerman , C.E. 2005 . Relating computer, communication, and computer-mediated communication apprehensions to new communication technology use in the workplace . Communication Research , 32 : 683 – 725 .
  • Shah , D.V. , Cho , J. , Eveland , W.P. and Kwak , N. 2005 . Information and expression in a digital age . Communication Research , 32 : 531 – 565 .
  • Sherblom , J.C. 1988 . Direction, function, and signature in electronic mail . The Journal of Business Communication , 25 : 39 – 53 .
  • Sherblom , J.C. 1990 . Organizational involvement expressed through pronoun use in computer mediated communication . Communication Research Reports , 7 : 45 – 50 .
  • Sherblom , J.C. and Van Rheenen , D.D. 1984 . Spoken language indices of uncertainty . Human Communication Research , 11 : 221 – 230 .
  • Sherblom , J.C. , Withers , L.A. , & Leonard , L.G. 2009 , February Interpersonal Uncertainty Reduction in Second Life . Paper presented at the Western States Communication Association Convention, Phoenix, AZ .
  • Sherblom , J.C. , Withers , L.A. and Leonard , L.G. 2009 . “ Communication challenges and opportunities for educators using Second Life ” . In Higher education in virtual worlds: Teaching and learning in Second Life , Edited by: Wankel , C. and Kingsley , J. 29 – 46 . Bingley, , UK : Emerald .
  • Sherry , J.L. 2004 . Flow and media enjoyment . Communication Theory , 14 : 328 – 347 .
  • Short , J. , Williams , E. and Christie , B. 1976 . The social psychology of telecommunications , London : John Wiley .
  • So , H.J. 2009 . When groups decide to use asynchronous online discussions: collaborative learning and social presence under a voluntary participation structure . Journal of Computer Assisted Learning , 25 : 43 – 160 .
  • Spears , R. , Lea , M. , Corneliussen , R.A. , Postmes , T. and Ter Haar , W. 2002 . Computer-mediated communication as a channel for social resistance . Small Group Research , 33 : 555 – 574 .
  • Spitzberg , B.H. 2006 . Preliminary development of a model and measure of computer-mediated communication (CMC) Competence . Journal of Computer–mediated Communication , 11 : 629 – 666 .
  • Stephens , K.K. and Mottet , T.P. 2008 . Interactivity in a web conference training context: Effects on trainers and trainees . Communication Education , 57 : 88 – 104 .
  • Stephens , K.K. , Houser , M.L. and Cowan , R.L. 2009 . R U able to meat me: The impact of student's overly casual email messages to instructors . Communication Education , 58 : 303 – 326 .
  • Sunnafrank , M. 1986 . Predicted outcome value during initial interactions . Human Communication Research , 13 : 3 – 33 .
  • Tamborini , R. , & Westerman , D. 2006 , June The effects of avatars on uncertainty reduction . Paper presented at the International Communication Association convention , Dresden, Germany.
  • Taylor , P.G. 2009 Can we move beyond visual metaphors? Virtual world provocations and Second Life . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Thompson , B. 2008 . Characteristics of parent–teacher e-mail communication . Communication Education , 57 : 201 – 223 .
  • Thompson-Hayes , M. , Gibson , D. , Scott , A. and Webb , L. 2009 . Professorial collaborations via CMC: Interactional dialectics . Computers in Human Behavior , 25 : 208 – 216 .
  • Tidwell , L.C. and Walther , J.B. 2002 . Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure, impressions, and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time . Human Communication Research , 28 : 317 – 348 .
  • Toma , C. , Hancock , J. and Ellison , N. 2008 . Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 : 1023 – 1036 .
  • Tong , S.T. , Van der Heide , B. , Langwell , L. and Walther , J.B. 2008 . Too much of a good thing? The relationship between number of friends and interpersonal impressions on facebook . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 531 – 549 .
  • Tracy , S.J. and Trethewey . 2005 . Fracturing the real-self<->fake-self dichotomy: Moving toward “crystallized” organizational discourses and identities . Communication Theory , 15 : 168 – 195 .
  • Trevino , L.K. , Daft , R.L. and Lengel , R.H. 1990 . “ Understanding manager's media choices: A symbolic interactionist perspective ” . In Organizations and communication technology , Edited by: Fulk , J. and Steinfield , C. 71 – 94 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Tudor , D. 2007 , November My avatar, myself: Remixed identity in an entrepreneurial altworld . Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention , Chicago , IL .
  • Turman , P.D. and Schrodt , P. 2005 . The influence of instructional technology use on students’ affect: Do course designs and biological sex make a difference? . Communication Studies , 56 : 109 – 129 .
  • Umphrey , L.R. , Wickersham , J.A. and Sherblom , J.C. 2008 . Student perceptions of the instructor's relational characteristics, the classroom communication experience, and the interaction involvement in face-to-face and video conference instruction . Communication Research Reports. , 25 : 102 – 114 .
  • Utz , S. 2000 Social information processing in MUDs: The development of friendships in virtual worlds . Journal of Online Behavior , 1 . Retrieved from http://www.behavior.net/JOB/v1n1/utz.html
  • Utz , S. 2008 . “ Social identification with virtual communities ” . In Mediated interpersonal communication , Edited by: Konijn , E.A. , Utz , S. , Tanis , M. and Barnes , S.B. 252 – 270 . New York : Routledge .
  • Utz , S. 2010 . Show me your friends and I will tell you what type of person you are: How one's profile, number of friends, and type of friends influence impression formation on social network sites . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 15 : 314 – 335 .
  • Valenzula , S. , Park , N. and Kee , K.F. 2009 . Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 875 – 901 .
  • Vess , D. 2005 . Asynchronous discussion and communication patterns in online and hybrid history courses . Communication Education , 54 : 355 – 364 .
  • Waldeck , J.H. 2008 . The development of an industry-specific online learning center: Consulting lessons learned . Communication Education , 57 : 452 – 463 .
  • Waldvogel , J. 2007 . Greetings and closings in workplace email . Journal of Computer–Mediated Communication , 12 : 456 – 477 .
  • Walker , R.C. 2007 . An alternative construction of identity: A study of place-based identity and its implications . American Communication Journal , 9 : 1 – 17 .
  • Walker , V.L. 2009 3D virtual learning in counselor education: Using Second Life in counselor skill development . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Walther , J.B. 1992 . Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective . Communication Research , 19 : 52 – 90 .
  • Walther , J.B. 1993 . Impression development in computer-mediated interaction . Western Journal of Communication , 57 : 381 – 398 .
  • Walther , J.B. 1994 . Anticipated ongoing interaction versus channel effects on relational communication in computer-mediated interaction . Human Communication Research , 20 : 473 – 501 .
  • Walther , J.B. 1996 . Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction . Communication Research , 23 : 3 – 43 .
  • Walther , J.B. 2009 . Theories, boundaries, and all of the above . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 748 – 752 .
  • Walther , J.B. 2010 Computer-mediated communication . In C.R. Berger , M.E. Roloff , & D.R. Roskos-Ewoldsen 2nd ed. The handbook of communication science . (pp. 489 505 Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Walther , J.B. , & Bunz , U. 2005 The rules of virtual groups: Trust, liking, and performance in computer-mediated communication . Journal of Communication , 828 846 .
  • Walther , J.B. , & Parks , M.R. 2002 Cues filtered out, cues filtered in: Computer-mediated communication and relationships . In M.L. Knapp and J.A. Daly 3rd ed. Handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 529 563 Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Walther , J.B. , Gay , G. , & Hancock , J.T. 2005 How do communication and technology researchers study the internet? Journal of Communication , 632 657 .
  • Walther , J.B. , Loh , T. and Granka , L. 2005 . Let me count the ways: The interchange of verbal and nonverbal cues in computer-mediated and face-to-face affinity . Journal of Language & Social Psychology , 24 : 36 – 65 .
  • Walther , J.B. , Slovacek , C.L. and Tidwell , L.C. 2001 . Is a picture worth a thousand words? . Communication Research , 28 : 105 – 134 .
  • Walther , J.B. , Van der Heide , B. , Hamel , L.M. and Shulman , H.C. 2009 . Self-generated versus other-generated statements and impressions in computer-mediated communication . Communication Research , 36 : 229 – 253 .
  • Walther , J.B. , Van der Heide , B. , Kim , S. , Westerman , D. and Tong , S.T. 2008 . The role of friends’ appearance and behavior on evaluations of individuals on facebook: Are we known by the company we keep? . Human Communication Research , 34 : 28 – 49 .
  • Wang , Z. , Walther , J.B. and Hancock , J. 2009 . Social identification and interpersonal communication in computer-mediated communication: what you do versus who you are in virtual groups . Human Communication Research , 35 : 59 – 85 .
  • Westerman , D. , Tamborini , R. , & Bowman , N.D. 2007 , November The effects of avatars on impression formation in different contexts . Paper presented at the National Communication Association Convention , Chicago , IL .
  • Westerman , D. , Van Der Heide , B. , Klein , K.A. and Walther , J.B. 2008 . How do people really seek information about others?: Information seeking across internet and traditional communication channels . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13 : 751 – 767 .
  • Williams , D. , Caplan , S. and Xiong , L. 2007 . Can you hear me now? The impact of voice in an online gaming community . Human Communication Research , 33 : 427 – 449 .
  • Williams , M. 2007 . Avatar watching: Participant observation in graphical online environments . Qualitative Research , 7 : 5 – 24 .
  • Witt , P.L. 2004 An initial examination of observed verbal immediacy and participants’ opinions of communication effectiveness in online group interaction . Journal of Online Behavior , 2 . Retrieved from http://www.behavior.net/JOB/v2n1/witt.html
  • Witt , P.L. and Schrodt , P. 2006 . The influence of instructional technology use and teacher immediacy on student affect for teacher and course . Communication Reports , 19 : 1 – 15 .
  • Wood , A.F. and Fassett , D.L. 2003 . Remote control: Identity, power, and technology in the communication classroom . Communication Education , 52 : 286 – 296 .
  • Worley , W.L. and Tesdell , L.S. 2009 . Instructor time and effort in online and face-to-face teaching: Lessons learned . IEEE Transaction on Professional Communication , 52 : 138 – 151 .
  • Wrench , J.S. and Punyanunt-Carter , N.M. 2007 . The relationship between computer-mediated-communication competence, apprehension, self-efficacy, perceived confidence, and social presence . Southern Communication Journal , 72 : 355 – 378 .
  • Wright , K. 1999 . Computer-mediated support groups: An examination of relationships among social support, perceived stress, and coping strategies . Communication Quarterly , 47 : 402 – 414 .
  • Wright , K. 2000 . Perceptions of on-line support providers: An examination of perceived homophily, source credibility, communication and social support within on-line support groups . Communication Quarterly , 48 : 44 – 59 .
  • Wright , K. 2002 . Motives for communication within on-line support groups and antecedents for interpersonal use . Communication Research Reports , 19 : 89 – 98 .
  • Yamada , M. 2009 . The role of social presence in learner-centered communicative language learning using synchronous computer-mediated communication: Experimental study . Computers & Education , 52 : 820 – 833 .
  • Yamada , M. and Akahori , K. 2007 . Social presence in synchronous CMC-based language learning: How does it affect the productive performance and consciousness of learning objectives? . Computer Assisted Language Learning , 20 : 37 – 65 .
  • Yildiz , S. 2009 . Social presence in the web-based classroom: Implications for intercultural communication . Journal of Studies in International Education , 13 : 46 – 65 .
  • Zheng , N. 2007 , May Your world, your imagination: Community construction in online multiplayer game Second Life . Paper presented at the International Communication Association Convention , San Francisco , CA .
  • Zielke , M.A. , & Roome , T.C. , Krueger , A.B. 2009 A composite adult learning model for virtual world residents with disabilities: A case study of the virtual ability Second Life island . Journal of Virtual Worlds Research , 2 . Retrieved from http://jvwresearch.org
  • Zywica , J. and Danowski , J. 2008 . The faces of Facebookers: Investigating social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses; predicting Facebook and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem, and mapping the meanings of popularity with semantic networks . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 14 : 1 – 34 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.