Behavioral inhibition and the attribution of public speaking state anxiety

References

• Beatty , M.J. and Behnke , R. R. 1980 . An assimilation theory perspective of communication apprehension . Human Communication Research , 6 : 174 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M.J. and Behnke , R. R. 1991 . Effects of public speaking trait anxiety and intensity of speaking task on heart rate during performance . Human Communication Research , 18 : 147 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. , Beatty , M. J. and Kitchens , J. T. 1978 . Cognitively‐experienced speech anxiety as a predictor of trembling . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 42 : 270 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Emery , G. and Greenberg , R. L. 1985 . Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. and Beatty , M.J. 1981 . A cognitive‐physiological model of speech anxiety . Communication Monographs , 48 : 158 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. , Carlile , L. W. and Lamb , D. H. 1974 . A psychophysiological study of state and trait anxiety in public speaking . Central States Speechjournal , 25 : 149 – 153 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. , Sawyer , C. R. and King , P. E. 1987 . The communication of public speaking anxiety . Communication Education , 36 : 138 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. , Sawyer , C. R. and King , P. E. 1994 . Contagion theory and the communication of public speaking state anxiety . Communication Education , 43 : 246 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernabev , R. , Princ , F. , Levi de Stein , M. and Fin , C. 1995 . Evidence for the involvement of hioppocampal CO production in the acquisition and consolidation of inhibitory avoidance learning . Neuroreport: An International Journal for the Rapid Communication of Research in Neuroscience , 6 : 516 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boddy , J. 1983 . “ Information processing and functional systems in the brain ” . In Physiological correlates of human behavior , Edited by: Gale , A. and Edwards , J. A. 49 – 77 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boucher , J. D. and Ekman , P. 1975 . Facial areas and emotional information . Journal of Communication , 25 : 21 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1976 . Human motivation and emotion , New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1979 . “ Individual differences in nonverbal sending accuracy and electrodermal responding: The externalizing‐internalizing dimension ” . In Skill in nonverbal communication: Individual differences , Edited by: Rosenthal , R. 140 – 170 . Cambridge, MA : Oelgeschlager, Gunn, & Hain .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. 1984 . The communication of emotion , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buck , R. W. , Savin , V.J. , Miller , R. E. and Caul , W. F. 1972 . Communication of affect through facial expressions in humans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 23 : 362 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. K. and Koper , R. J. 1984 . Nonverbal and relational communication associated with reticence . Human Communication Research , 10 : 601 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , K. L. and Beier , E. G. 1973 . Significance of vocal and visual channels in the decoding of emotional meaning . The Journal of Communication , 23 : 118 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. 1980 . Self‐consciousness and social anxiety , San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Carlile , L. W. , Behnke , R. R. and Kitchens , J. T. 1977 . A psychological pattern of anxiety in public speaking . Communication Quarterly , 25 : 44 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Clevenger , T. 1959 . A synthesis of experimental research in stage fright . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 45 : 134 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clevenger , T. and King , J. R. 1961 . A factor analysis of the visible symptoms of stage fright . Speech Monographs , 28 : 245 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Power analysis for the social sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Daly , S. 1978 . Behavioral correlates of social anxiety . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 17 : 117 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derryberry , D. and Rothbart , M. K. 1984 . “ Emotion, attention, and temperament ” . In Emotions, cognition, and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 132 – 166 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , S. , Balvin , R. S. and Diamond , F. 1963 . Inhibition and choice: A neurobehavioral approach to problems of plasticity in behavior , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Ebel , R. L. 1951 . Estimation of the reliability of ratings . Psychometrika , 16 : 407 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. and Friesen , W. V. 1972 . Hand movements . Journal of Communication , 22 : 353 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. 1952 . The scientific study of personality , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. 1957 . The dynamics of anxiety and hysteria , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. 1967 . The biological basis of personality , Springfield, IL : Thomas .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. 1981 . A model of personality , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H.J. 1983 . “ Psychophysiology and personality: Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism ” . In Physiological correlates of human behavior , Edited by: Gale , A. and Edwards , J. A. Vol. 3 , 13 – 30 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck , H. J. and Rachman , S. 1965 . The causes and cures of neurosis: An introduction to modem behaviour therapy based on learning theory and the principles of conditioning , San Diego : Knapp .
   Google Scholar
• Freud , S. 1927 . Inhibition, symptom and anxiety , Stamford, CN : The Psychoanalytic Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Frick , T. and Semmel , M. I. 1978 . Observer agreement and reliabilities of classroom observational measures . Review of Educational Research , 48 : 157 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1964 . “ Strength of the nervous system as a dimension of personality in man: A review of the work of B. M. Teplov ” . In Pavlov's typology , Edited by: Gray , J. A. 289 – 364 . Oxford : Pergamum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1967 . Strength of the nervous system, introversion‐extraversion, conditionability and arousal . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 5 : 151 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1971 . The psychology of fear and stress , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1972 . “ The psychophysiological nature of introversion‐extraversion: A modification of Eysenck's theory ” . In Biological bases of individual behavior , Edited by: Nebylitsyn , V. D. and Gray , J. A. 182 – 205 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1982 . The neuropsychology of anxiety , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1984 . “ The hippocampus as an interface between cognition and emotion ” . In Animal cognition: Proceedings of the Harry Frank Guggenheim conference. June 2–4, 1982 , Edited by: Boitblat , H. L. , Bever , T. G. and Terrance , H. S. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1991 . “ Neural systems, emotion and personality ” . In Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect , Edited by: Madden , J. IV . 273 – 306 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. O. and Sparks , G. G. 1983 . Explication and test of a cognitive model of communication apprehension: A new look at an old construct . Human Communication Research , 9 : 349 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1984 . “ Emotion‐cognition relationships and human development ” . In Emotions, cognition, and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 17 – 37 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kagan , J. 1984 . “ The idea of emotion in human development ” . In Emotions, cognition, and behavior , Edited by: Izard , C. E. , Kagan , J. and Zajonc , R. B. 38 – 72 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , R. G. and Last , C. G. 1989 . Anxiety disorders in children , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Krause , E. S. 1961 . The measurement of transitory anxiety . Psychological Review , 68 : 178 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lader , M. H. and Mathews , A. 1968 . A physiological model of phobic anxiety and desensitization . Behaviour Research and Therapy , 6 : 411 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lader , M. H. and Wing , L. 1966 . Physiological measures, sedative drugs, and morbid anxiety, maudsley monographs , Vol. 18 , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lavond , D. G. , Kim , J.J. and Thompson , R. F. 1993 . Mammalian brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning . Annual Review of Psychology , 44 : 317 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDoux , J. E. 1993 . Cognition versus emotion, again‐This time in the brain: A response to Parrott and Schulkin . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 61 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini , M. , Behnke , R. R. and King , P. E. 1992 . The communication of public speaking anxiety: Perceptions of Asian and American speakers . Communication Quarterly , 40 : 279 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahl , G. F. 1956 . Disturbances and silences in the patient's speech in psychotherapy . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 53 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May , R. 1950 . The meaning of anxiety , New York : The Ronald Press Company .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. 1976 . The effects of communication apprehension on nonverbal behavior . Communication Quarterly , 24 : 39 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1976 . The effects of communication apprehension on the perception of peers . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 40 : 14 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• McPhee , R. D. and Seibold , D. R. 1979 . Rationale, procedures, and applications for decomposition of explained variance in multiple regression analyses . Communication Research , 6 : 345 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mood , A. M. 1971 . Partitioning variance in multiple regression analyses as a tool for developing learning models . American Educational Research Journal , 17 : 770 – 784 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. and Sherman , A. R. 1974 . Behavioral assessment of speech anxiety . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 60 : 134 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. and Sherman , A. R. 1975 . Equal time: Conceptual foundations of the behavioral foundations of speech anxiety . Western Speech Communication , 39 : 276 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. and Wiemann , J. M. 1984 . “ Observer‐perceived communicator anxiety ” . In Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension , Edited by: Daly , J. and McCroskey , J. C. 107 – 121 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Parrott , W. G. and Schulkin , J. 1993 . Neuropsychology and the cognitive nature of emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 43 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavitt , C. 1989 . Accounting for the process of communicative competence evaluation: A comparison of predictive models . Communication Research , 16 : 405 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavitt , C. and Haight , L. 1985 . The “competent communicator” as a cognitive prototype . Human Communication Research , 12 : 225 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavitt , C. and Haight , L. 1986a . Implicit theories of communicative competence: Situational and competence level differences in judgments of prototype and target . Communication Monographs , 53 : 221 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavitt , C. and Haight , L. 1986b . Implicit theories of communicative competence: The semantics of social behavior . Central States Speechjournal , 37 : 204 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Pavlov , I. P. 1928 . Lectures on conditioned reflexes: Twenty‐five years of objective study of the higher nervous system activity (behavior) of animals , Edited by: Gantt , W. H. (Vol. 1) , New York : International Publishers . (Original work published 1928)
   Google Scholar
• Pribram , K. H. and McGuinness , D. 1975 . Arousal, activation, and effort in control of attention . Psychological Review , 82 : 116 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolls , E. T. 1990 . A theory of emotion, and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 4 : 161 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1982 . “ Conducting judgment studies ” . In Handbook on methods in nonverbal behavior research , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 287 – 361 . Cambridge, , England : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , C. R. and Behnke , R. R. 1990 . The role of self‐monitoring processes in the communication of public speaking anxiety . Communication Reports , 3 : 70 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , C. R. and Behnke , R. R. 1996 . Public speaking anxiety and the communication of emotion . World Communication , 25 : 21 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1993 . Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology . Cognition and Emotion , 7 : 1 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibold , D. R. and McPhee , R. D. 1979 . Commonality analysis: A method for decomposing explained variance in multiple regression analyses . Human Communication Research , 5 : 355 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Shreve , E. G. , Harrigan , J. A. , Kues , J. R. and Kagas , D. K. 1988 . Nonverbal expressions of anxiety in physician‐patient interactions . Psychiatry , 51 : 378 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shweder , R. A. and D'Andrade , R. G. 1980 . “ The systematic distortion hypothesis ” . In New directions for methodology of behavioral science: Fallible judgment in behavioral research , Edited by: Shweder , R. A. 37 – 58 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Siegman , A. W. 1985 . “ Expressive correlates of affective states and traits ” . In Multichannel integrations of nonverbal behavior , Edited by: Siegman , A. W. and Feldstein , S. 237 – 348 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. G. and Spirek , M. M. 1988 . Individual differences in coping with stressful mass media: An activation‐arousal view . Human Communication Research , 15 : 195 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks , G. G. , Spirek , M. M. and Hodgson , K. 1993 . Individual differences in arousability: Implications for understanding immediate and lingering emotional reactions to frightening mass media . Communication Quarterly , 41 : 465 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. D. , Gorsuch , R. L. and Lushéne , R. E. 1970 . Manual for the state‐trait anxiety inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. 1985 . “ Temperament and personality: Pavlov and beyond ” . In The biological bases of personality and behavior , Edited by: Strelau , J. , Farley , F. H. and Gale , A. Vol. 1 , 25 – 43 . New York : Hemisphere Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Strelau , J. , Sosnowski , T. and Oniszczenko , W. 1986 . “ Dynamics of psychophysiological changes under hypoxia and sensory deprivation in subjects with different reactivity and anxiety levels ” . In The biological bases of personality and behavior , Edited by: Strelau , J. , Farley , F. H. and Gale , A. Vol. 2 , 107 – 116 . New York : Hemisphere Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Strongman , K. T. 1987 . The psychology of emotion , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Sypher , H. E. 1980 . Illusory correlation in communication research . Human Communication Research , 7 : 83 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Tinsley , J. E. A. and Weiss , D.J. 1975 . Interrater reliability of agreement of subjective judgments . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 22 : 358 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , D. M. and Williamson , P. A. 1984 . Asymmetric neural control systems in human self regulation . Psychological Review , 91 : 185 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waid , W. M. 1976 . Skin conductance response to both signaled and unsignaled noxious stimulation predicts level of socialization . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 34 : 923 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waid , W. M. , Orne , E. C. , Cook , M. R. and Orne , M. T. 1981 . Meprobamate reduces accuracy of physiological detection of deception . Science , 212 : 71 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , S. 1987 . Animal learning , New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , F. N. 1971 . Desensitization as an habituation phenomenon: II. Studies of interstimulus interval length . Psychological Reports , 33 : 715 – 718 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , M. , Larrance , D. T. , Hall , J. A. , DeFrank , R. S. and Rosenthal , R. 1979 . Posed and spontaneous communication of emotion via facial and vocal cues . Journal of Personality , 47 : 712 – 733 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar