Confirmation in Parent–Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Openness: Toward Extending Confirmation Theory

References

• Afifi , T. S. and Olson , L. 2005 . The chilling effect in families and the pressure to conceal secrets . Communication Monographs , 72 : 192 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , J. P. , Hauser , S. T. , Bell , K. L. and O'Connor , T. G. 1994 . Longitudinal assessment of autonomy and relatedness in adolescent–family interactions as predictors of adolescent ego development and self-esteem . Child Development , 65 : 179 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applegate , J. L. , Burleson , B. R. and Delia , J. G. 1992 . “ Reflection-enhancing parenting as an antecedent to children's social-cognitive and communicative development ” . In Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children , Edited by: Sigel , I. E. , McGillicuddy-DeLisi , A. V. and Goodnow , J. J. 3 – 39 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc . 2nd ed
   Google Scholar
• Bakeman , R. 2000 . “ Behavioral observation and coding ” . In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Edited by: Reis , H. T. and Judd , C. M. 138 – 159 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bakeman , R. and Gottman , J. M. 1997 . Observing interaction , (2nd ed) , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , H. and Olson , D. H. 1985 . Parent–adolescent communication and the circumplex model . Child Development , 36 : 438 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , L. G. and Bell , D. C. 1982 . Family climate and the role of the female adolescent: Determinants of adolescent functioning . Family Relations , 31 : 519 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , R. Q. 1968 . A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization . Psychological Review , 75 : 81 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury , T. N. and Fincham , F. D. 1990 . Attributions in marriage: Review and critique . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 3 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buber , M. 1965 . The knowledge of man , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester , D. and Furman , W. 1987 . The development of companionship and intimacy . Child Development , 58 : 1101 – 1113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson , B. R. and Goldsmith , D. J. 1998 . “ How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals ” . In Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts , Edited by: Andersen , P. A. and Guerrero , L. K. 245 – 280 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burleson , B. R. and Samter , W. 1985 . Consistencies in theoretical and naïve evaluations of comforting messages . Communication Monographs , 52 : 103 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughlin , J. P. 2003 . Family communication standards: What counts as excellent family communication and how are such standards associated with family satisfaction? . Human Communication Research , 29 : 5 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cissna , K. N. and Anderson , R. 1994 . “ Communication and the ground of dialogue ” . In The reach of dialogue: Confirmation, voice, and community , Edited by: Anderson , R. , Cissna , K. N. and Arnett , R. C. 9 – 30 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cissna , K. N. and Sieburg , E. 1981 . “ Patterns of interactional confirmation and disconfirmation ” . In Rigor and imagination: Essays from the legacy of Gregory Bateson , Edited by: Wilder-Mott , C. and Weakland , J. H. 253 – 282 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , W. A. , Maccoby , E. , Steinberg , L. , Hetherington , E. M. and Bornstein , M. 2000 . Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture . The American Psychologist , 55 : 218 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousins , P. C. and Powers , T. G. 1986 . Quantifying family process: Issues in the analysis of interaction sequences . Family Process , 25 : 89 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dailey , R. M. ( 2006 ). Confirmation from family members: Parent and sibling contributions to adolescent psychosocial adjustment . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , K. 2002 . Perceived parental confirmation: Development and validation of an instrument . Southern Communication Journal , 67 : 319 – 334 .
   Google Scholar
• Elwood , T. D. and Schrader , D. C. 1998 . Family communication patterns and communication apprehension . Journal of Social Behavior and Personality , 13 : 493 – 502 .
   Google Scholar
• Franzoi , S. L. and Davis , M. H. 1985 . Adolescent self-disclosure and loneliness: Private self-consciousness and parental influences . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 768 – 780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , F. 1997 . Observational methods for recording parent–child interaction: How generalisable are the findings? . Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review , 2 : 70 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Garvin , B. J. and Kennedy , C. W. 1986 . Confirmation and disconfirmation in nurse/physician communication . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 14 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Gecas , V. and Seff , M. A. 1990 . Families and adolescents: A review of the 1980s . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 52 : 941 – 958 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golish , T. and Caughlin , J. P. 2002 . “I'd rather not talk about it”: Adolescents’ and young adults’ use of topic avoidance in stepfamilies . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 30 : 78 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman , J. M. 1994 . What predicts divorce? The relationship between marital processes and marital outcomes , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gottman , J. M. , Katz , L. F. and Hooven , C. 1996 . Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gottman , J. M. and Roy , A. K. 1990 . Sequential analysis: A guide for behavioral researchers , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grotevant , H. D. and Cooper , C. R. 1986 . Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in the development of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence . Human Development , 29 : 82 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero , L. K. and Afifi , W. A. 1995 . “ What parents don't know: Topic avoidance in parent–child relationships ” . In Parents, children, and communication: Frontiers of theory and research , Edited by: Socha , T. J. and Stamp , G. H. 219 – 245 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hauser , S. T. , Houlihan , J. , Powers , S. I. , Jacobson , A. M. , Noam , G. G. Weiss-Perry , B. 1991 . Adolescent ego development within the family: Family styles and family sequences . International Journal of Behavioral Development , 14 : 165 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverford College (n.d.) . Kohlberg dilemmas . Retrieved October 10, 2004, from http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/kohlberg.dilemmas.htm
   Google Scholar
• Holden , G. W. 1997 . Parents and the dynamics of child rearing , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Huston , T. C. , McHale , S. M. and Crouter , A. C. 1996 . “ When the honeymoon's over: Changes in the marriage relationship over the first year ” . In The emerging field of personal relationships , Edited by: Gilmore , R. and Duck , S. W. 109 – 132 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Isberg , R. S. , Hauser , S. T. , Jacobson , A. M. , Powers , S. I. , Noam , G. G. , Weiss-Perry , D. and Follansbee , B. J. 1989 . Parental contexts of adolescent self-esteem: A developmental perspective . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 18 : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , T. , Tennenbaum , D. L. and Krahn , G. 1987 . “ Factors influencing the reliability and validity of observation data ” . In Family interaction and psychopathology: Theories, methods, and findings , Edited by: Theodore , J. 297 – 328 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Kafka , R. R. and London , P. 1991 . Communication in relationships and adolescent substance use: The influence of parents and friends . Adolescence , 26 : 587 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , M. and Stattin , H. 2003 . “ Parenting of adolescents: Action or reaction? ” . In Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships , Edited by: Crouter , A. C. and Booth , A. 121 – 151 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Koerner , A. F. and Cvancara , K. E. 2002 . The influence of conformity orientation on communication patterns in family conversations . Journal of Family Communication , 2 : 133 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Laing , R. D. 1961 . The self and others , London : Tavistock Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Laing , R. D. 1965 . “ Mystification, confusion, and conflict ” . In Intensive family therapy: Theoretical and practical aspects , Edited by: Boszormenyi-Nagy , I. and Framo , J. L. 343 – 363 . New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Larson , R. W. , Richards , M. H. , Moneta , G. , Holmbeck , G. and Duckett , E. 1996 . Changes in adolescents’ daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 744 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen , B. 1995 . Conflict and social interaction in adolescent relationships . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 5 : 55 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leaper , C. 2002 . “ Parenting boys and girls ” . In In Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting , 2nd ed , Edited by: Bornstein , M. 189 – 225 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Leaper , C. , Anderson , K. J. and Sanders , P. 1998 . Moderators of gender effects on parents’ talk to their children: A meta-analysis . Developmental Psychology , 34 : 3 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindahl , K. M. 2001 . “ Methodological issues in family observational research ” . In Family observational coding systems: Resources for systemic research , Edited by: Kerig , P. K. and Lindahl , K. M. 23 – 32 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby , E. E. and Martin , J. A. 1983 . “ Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction ” . In Socialization, personality, and social development: Handbook of child psychology , Edited by: Hetherington , E. M. Vol. 4 , 1 – 101 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Margolin , G. , Oliver , P. H. , Gordis , E. B. , O'Hearn , H. G. , Medina , A. M. , Ghosh , C. M. and Morland , L. 1998 . The nuts and bolts of behavioral observation of marital and family interaction . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 1 : 195 – 213 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McHale , S. M. , Crouter , A. C. and Whiteman , S. D. 2003 . The family contexts of gender development in childhood and adolescence . Social Development , 12 : 125 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moos , R. H. and Moos , B. S. 1976 . A typology of family social environments . Family Process , 15 : 357 – 371 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi , P. M. 1988 . Family interaction patterns and the development of social conceptions in the adolescent . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 17 : 429 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noller , P. 1995 . “ Parent–adolescent relationships ” . In Explaining family interactions , Edited by: Fitzpatrick , M. A. and Vangelisti , A. L. 77 – 111 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Noller , P. and Bagi , S. 1985 . Parent–adolescent communication . Journal of Adolescence , 8 : 125 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noller , P. and Callan , V. J. 1990 . Adolescents’ perceptions of the nature of communication with their parents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 19 : 349 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noller , P. and Callan , V. J. 1991 . The adolescent in the family , Florence, KY : Taylor & Frances/Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pettit , G. S. and Mize , J. 1993 . “ Substance and style: Understanding the ways in which parents teach children about social relationships ” . In Understanding relationship processes: Vol. 2. Learning about relationships , Edited by: Duck , S. 118 – 151 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reis , H. T. , Clark , M. S. and Holmes , J. G. 2004 . “ Perceived partner responsiveness as an organizing construct in the study of intimacy and closeness ” . In Handbook of closeness and intimacy , Edited by: Mashek , D. J. and Aron , A. P. 201 – 225 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Reis , H. T. , Sheldon , K. M. , Gable , S. L. , Roscoe , J. and Ryan , R. M. 2000 . Daily well-being: The role of autonomy, competence, and relatedness . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 419 – 435 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , C. R. 1961 . On becoming a person , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , D. A. , Efklides , A. and Demetriou , A. 1988 . Parental criticism and young adolescent self-disclosure: A cross-cultural study . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 17 : 25 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sameroff , A. J. 1975 . Early influences on development: Fact or fancy? . Merrill-Palmer Quarterly , 21 : 267 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saphir , M. N. and Chaffee , S. H. 2002 . Adolescents’ contributions to family communication patterns . Human Communication Research , 28 : 86 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satir , V. 1967 . Conjoint family therapy: A guide to theory and technique , Palo Alto, CA : Science and Behavior Books .
   Google Scholar
• Searight , H. R. , Thomas , S. L. , Manley , C. M. and Ketterson , T. U. 1995 . “ Self-disclosure in adolescents: A family systems perspective ” . In Disclosure processes in children and adolescents , Edited by: Rotenberg , K. J. 204 – 225 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sieburg , E. ( 1975 ) Interpersonal confirmation: A paradigm for conceptualization and measurement . San Diego, CA : United States International University. (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No ED 098 634)
   Google Scholar
• Sieburg , E. 1976 . “ Confirming and disconfirming organizational communication ” . In Communication in organizations , Edited by: Owen , J. L. , Page , P. A. and Zimmerman , G. I. 129 – 149 . St. Paul, MN : West Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Sieburg , E. 1985 . Family communication: An integrated systems approach , New York : Gardner Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sieburg , E. and Larson , C. 1971 April . Dimensions of interpersonal response , Paper presented at the International Communication Association convention, Phoenix, AZ .
   Google Scholar
• Sillars , A. L. 1991 . “ Behavioral observation ” . In Studying interpersonal interaction , Edited by: Montgomery , B. M. and Duck , S. 197 – 218 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stafford , L. and Bayer , C. L. 1993 . Interpersonal communication: Vol. 13. Interaction between parents and children , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , L. 2001 . We know some things: Parent–adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 11 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watzlawick , P. , Beavin , J. H. and Jackson , D. D. 1967 . Pragmatics of human communication , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Wichstrom , L. , Anderson , A. M. C. , Holte , A. and Wynne , L. C. 1996 . Disqualifying family communication and childhood social competence as predictors of offspring's mental health and hospitalization . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 184 : 581 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youniss , J. and Smollar , J. 1985 . Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer-Gembeck , M. J. and Collins , W. A. 2003 . “ Autonomy development during adolescence ” . In Blackwell handbook of adolescence , Edited by: Adams , G. R. and Berzonsky , M. D. 175 – 204 . Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar