1,271
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
RESEARCH REPORTS

A Theory of Political Campaign Media Connectedness

Pages 303-332 | Published online: 11 Aug 2009

References

  • Airne , D. and Benoit , W. L. 2005 . Political television advertising in campaign 2000 . Communication Quarterly , 53 : 473 – 492 .
  • Banwart , M. C. and McKinney , M. S. 2005 . A gendered influence in campaign debates? Analysis of mixed-gender United States Senate and gubernatorial debates . Communication Studies , 56 : 353 – 373 .
  • Barker , D. C. 2002 . Rushed to judgment: Talk radio, persuasion, and American political behavior , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Barker , D. and Knight , K. 2000 . Political talk and public opinion . Public Opinion Quarterly , 64 : 149 – 170 .
  • Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
  • Bartels , L. M. 2002 . Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political perceptions . Political Behavior , 24 : 117 – 150 .
  • Beaudoin , C. E. and Thorson , E. 2005 . Credibility perceptions of news coverage of ethnic groups: The predictive roles of race and news use . Howard Journal of Communication , 16 : 33 – 48 .
  • Bennett , S. E. 2002 . Predicting Americans’ exposure to political talk radio in 1996, 1998, and 2000 . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 7 : 9 – 22 .
  • Bennett , S. E. , Rhine , S. L. and Flickinger , R. S. 2001 . Assessing American's’ opinions about the news media's fairness in 1996 and 1998 . Political Communication , 18 : 163 – 182 .
  • Benoit , W. L. , Hansen , G. J. and Verser , R. M. 2003 . A meta-analysis of the effects of viewing US presidential debates . Communication Monographs , 70 : 335 – 350 .
  • Benoit , W. L. , Stein , K. A. and Hansen , G. J. 2005 . New York Times coverage of presidential campaigns . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 82 : 356 – 376 .
  • Brians , C. L. and Wattenberg , M. P. 1996 . Campaign issue knowledge and salience: Comparing reception from TV commercials, TV news, and newspapers . American Journal of Political Science , 40 : 172 – 193 .
  • Bucy , E. P. and Newhagen , J. E. 2004 . Media access: Social and psychological dimensions of new technology use , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Cappella , J. N. 1991 . Review of theories of human communiation (3rd Edition) by S. W. Littlejohn . Communication Theory , 1 : 165 – 171 .
  • Chaffee , S. H. 1986 . “ Mass media and interpersonal channels: Competitive, convergent, or complementary? ” . In Inter/media: Interpersonal communication in a media world , 3rd edition , Edited by: Gumpert , G. and Cathcart , R. 62 – 80 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Chaffee , S. H. and Berger , C. R. 1987 . “ What communication scientists do ” . In Handbook of communication science , Edited by: Berger , C. R. and Chaffee , S. H. 99 – 122 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Chaffee , S. H. and Schleuder , J. A. 1986 . Measurement and effects of attention to media news . Human Communication Research , 13 : 76 – 107 .
  • Chan-Olmsted , S. M. 2007 . Branding television news in a multichannel environment: An exploratory study of network news brand personality . The International Journal of Media Management , 4 : 135 – 150 .
  • Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd edition , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Conway , M. , Grabe , M. E. and Grieves , K. 2007 . Villans, victims, and the virtuous in Bill O'Reilly's “No-Spin Zone”: Revisting world war propaganda techniques . Journalism Studies , 8 : 197 – 223 .
  • D'Alessio , D. and Allen , M. 2000 . Media bias in presidential elections: A meta-analysis . Journal of Communication , 50 : 133 – 156 .
  • DeFleur , M. L. and Ball-Rokeach , S. J. 1989 . Theories of mass communication , 5th edition , New York : Longman .
  • Drew , D and Weaver , D. 1998 . Voter learning, in the 1996 presidential election: Did the media matter? . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 75 : 292 – 301 .
  • Drew , D. and Weaver , D. 2006 . Voter learning in the 2004 presidential election: Did the media matter? . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 83 : 25 – 42 .
  • Dubin , R. 1978 . Theory building , revised edition , New York : The Free Press .
  • Eveland , W. P. Jr and Scheufele , D. A. 2000 . Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation . Political Communication , 17 : 215 – 237 .
  • Fallows , J. 2003 , September . The age of Murdoch . Retrieved from April 1, 2008 http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200309/fallows .
  • Farnsworth , S. J. and Lichter , S. R. 2006 . The 2004 New Hampshire democratic primary and network news . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 11 : 53 – 63 .
  • Faul , F. , Erdfelder , E. 1992 . GPOWER: A priori, post-hoc, and compromise power analyses for MS-DOS [Computer program] . Bonn, federal Republic of Germany: Bonn University, Department of Psychology. Retrieved April 1, 2005 from http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/aap/projects/gpower .
  • Festinger , L. 1957 . A theory of cognitive dissonance , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
  • Golan , G. J. , Kiousis , S. K. and McDaniel , M. L. 2007 . Second-level agenda setting and political advertising . Journalism Studies , 8 : 432 – 443 .
  • Hampton , K. and Wellman , B. 2001 . Long distance community in the network society: Contact and support beyond netville . American Behavioral Scientist , 45 : 476 – 495 .
  • Hansen , G. J. and Benoit , W. L. 2007 . Communication forms as predictors of issue knowledge in presidential campaigns: A meta-analytic assessment . Mass Communication & Society , 10 : 189 – 210 .
  • Heider , F. 1958 . The psychology of interpersonal relations , New York : Wiley & Sons .
  • Holbert , R. L. 2004 . Political talk radio, perceived fairness, and the establishment of president George W. Bush's political legitimacy . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 9 : 12 – 27 .
  • Holbert , R. L. 2005a . Debate viewing as mediator and partisan reinforcement in the relationship between news use and vote choice . Journal of Communication , 55 : 85 – 102 .
  • Holbert , R. L. 2005b . Intramedia mediation: The cumulative and complementary effects of news media use . Political Communication , 22 : 447 – 462 .
  • Holbert , R. L. , Benoit , W. L. , Hansen , G. J. and Wen , W-C. 2002 . The role of communication in the formation of an issue-based citizenry . Communication Monographs , 69 : 296 – 310 .
  • Holbert , R. L. , Hansen , G. J. , Caplan , S. E. and Mortensen , S. 2007 . Presidential debate viewing and Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9–11: A study of affect-as-transfer and passionate reasoning . Media Psychology , 9 : 673 – 694 .
  • Holbert , R. L. , Kwak , N. and Shah , D. V. 2003 . Environmental concern, patterns of television viewing, and pro-environmental behaviors: Integrating models of media consumption and effects . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 47 : 177 – 196 .
  • Holbert , R. L. , Lambe , J. L. , Dudo , A. D. and Carlton , K. A. 2007 . Primacy effects of The Daily Show and national TV news viewing: Young viewers, political gratifications, and internal political self-efficacy . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 51 : 20 – 38 .
  • Hollander , B. A. 1994 . Patterns in the exposure and influence of the old news and the news news . Mass Comm Review , 21 : 144 – 155 .
  • Jamieson , K. H. and Birdsell , D. S. 1988 . Presidential debates: The challenge of creating an informed electorate , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Jarman , J. W. 2005 . Political affiliation and presidential debates: A real-time analysis of the effects of the arguments used in the presidential debates . American Behavioral Scientist , 49 : 229 – 242 .
  • Jasperson , A. E. and Yun , H. J. 2007 . Political advertising effects and America's racially diverse newest voting generation . American Behavioral Scientist , 50 : 1112 – 1123 .
  • Johnston , R. 2006 . Party identification: Unmoved mover or sum of preferences? . Annual Review of Political Science , 9 : 329 – 351 .
  • Jones , D. A. 1998 . Political talk radio: The Limbaugh effect on primary voters . Political Communication , 15 : 367 – 381 .
  • Kaid , L. L. , Postelnicu , M. , Landreville , K. , Hyun , J. Y. and LeGrange , A. G. 2007 . The effects of political advertising on young voters . American Behavioral Scientist , 50 : 1137 – 1151 .
  • Kitty , A. 2005 . Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's assault on journalism , New York : The Disinformation Company .
  • Kleinnijenhuis , J. , van Hoof , A. M. J. , Oegema , D. and de Ridder , J. A. 2007 . A test of rivaling approaches to explain news effects: News on issue positions of parties, real-world developments, support and criticism, and success and failure . Journal of Communication , 57 : 366 – 384 .
  • Kraus , S. and Davis , D. K. 1981 . “ Political debates ” . In Handbook of political communication , Edited by: Nimmo , D. D. and Sanders , K. R. 273 – 296 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
  • Lamal , P. A. 1991 . “ On the importance of replication ” . In Replication in the social sciences , Edited by: Neuliep , J. W. 31 – 36 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Lau , R. R. , Sigelman , L. , Heldman , C. and Babbitt , P. 1999 . The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic assessment . The American Political Science Review , 93 : 851 – 875 .
  • Liu , Y. and Eveland , W. P. Jr . 2005 . Education, need for cognition, and campaign interest as moderators of news effects on political knowledge: An analysis of the knowledge gap . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 82 : 910 – 929 .
  • Martinelli , K. A. and Chaffee , S. H. 1995 . Measuring new-voter learning via three channels of political information . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 72 : 18 – 32 .
  • McGuire , W. J. 1986 . “ The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings ” . In Public communication and behavior , Edited by: Comstock , G. 173 – 257 . New York : Academic .
  • McGuire , W. J. 1989 . “ Theoretical foundations of campaigns ” . In Public communication campaigns , 2nd ed , Edited by: Rice , R. E. and Atkin , C. K. 43 – 65 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • McKinney , M. S. 2006 . “ Presidential debates ” . In Encyclopedia of media and politics , Edited by: Schaefer , T. and Birkland , T. 288 – 291 . Washington, DC : CQ Press .
  • McKinney , M. S. and Carlin , D. B. 2004 . “ Political campaign debates ” . In Handbook of political communication , Edited by: Kaid , L. L. 203 – 234 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • McLeod , D. M. , Kosicki , G. M. and McLeod , J. M. 2002 . “ Resurveying the boundaries of political communication effects ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research , 2nd ed , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 215 – 268 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • McLeod , J. M. , Scheufele , D. A. and Moy , P. 1999 . Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation . Political Communication , 16 : 315 – 336 .
  • McQuail , D. 1992 . Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest , London : Sage .
  • Morris , J. S. 2005 . The FOX news factor . Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics , 10 : 56 – 79 .
  • Moy , P. and Gastil , J. 2006 . Predicting deliberative conversation: The impact of discussion networks, media use, and political cognitions . Political Communication , 23 : 443 – 460 .
  • Moy , P. and Pfau , M. 2000 . With malice toward all? The media and public confidence in democratic institutions , Westport, CT : Praeger .
  • Moy , P. , Pfau , M. and Kahlor , L. 1999 . Media use and public confidence in democratic institutions . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 43 : 137 – 158 .
  • Osgood , C. E. and Tannenbaum , P. H. 1955 . The principle of congruity in the prediction of attitude change . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 3 : 235 – 244 .
  • Owen , D. 1997 . Talk radio and evaluations of President Clinton . Political Communication , 14 : 333 – 353 .
  • Pan , Z. and McLeod , J. M. 1991 . Multilevel analysis in mass communication research . Communication Research , 18 : 140 – 173 .
  • Patterson , T. E. and McClure , R. D. 1976 . The unseeing eye: The myth of television power in national elections , New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons .
  • Pfau , M. , Houston , J. B. and Semmler , S. M. 2005 . Presidential election campaigns and American democracy: The relationships between communication use and normative outcomes . American Behavioral Scientist , 49 : 48 – 62 .
  • Prior , M. 2007 . Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections , New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community , Simon & Schuster : New York .
  • Racine , Group. 2002 . White paper on televised political campaign debates . Argumentation and Advocacy , 38 : 199 – 218 .
  • Raykov , T. and Marcoulides , G. A. 2000 . A method for comparing completely standardized solutions in multiple groups . Structural Equation Modeling , 7 : 292 – 308 .
  • Romer , D. , Kenski , K. , Winneg , K. , Adasiewicz , C. and Jamieson , K. H. 2006 . Capturing campaign dynamics 2000 & 2004: The national Annenberg election survey , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • Rosenthal , R. 1991 . “ Replication in behavioral research ” . In Replication in the social sciences , Edited by: Neuliep , J. W. 1 – 30 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
  • Rubin , A. M. 2002 . “ The uses-and-gratifications perspective of media effects ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research , 2nd ed , Edited by: Bryant , J. and Zillmann , D. 525 – 548 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
  • Scheufele , D. A. , Hardy , B. W. , Brossard , D. , Waismel-Manor , I. S. and Nisbet , E. 2006 . Democracy based on difference: Examining the links between structural heterogeneity, hererogeneity of discussion networks, and democratic citizenship . Journal of Communication , 56 : 728 – 753 .
  • Schoenbach , K. , Lauf , E. , McLeod , J. M. and Scheufele , D. A. 1999 . Distinction and integration: Sociodemographic determinants of newspaper reading in the USA and Germany, 1974–96 . European Journal of Communication , 14 : 225 – 239 .
  • Schooler , C. , Chaffee , S. H. , Flora , J. A. and Roser , C. 1998 . Health campaign channels: Tradeoffs among reach, specificity, and impact . Human Communication Research , 24 : 410 – 432 .
  • Schudson , M. 1998 . “ The public journalism movement and its problems ” . In The politics of news: The news of politics , Edited by: Graber , D. , McQuail , D. and Norris , P. 132 – 149 . Washington, DC : Congressional Quarterly .
  • Setter , J. S. and Weger , H. Jr . 2005 . Audience perceptions of candidates’ appropriateness as a function of nonverbal behaviors displayed during televised political debates . Journal of Social Psychology , 145 : 225 – 235 .
  • Shah , D.V. , Kwak , N. and Holbert , R.L. 2001 . “Connecting” and “disconnecting” with civic life: The effects of Internet use on the production of social capital . Political Communication , 18 : 141 – 162 .
  • Shah , D. V. , McLeod , J. M. and Yoon , S-H. 2001 . Communication, context, and community: An exploration of print, broadcast, and Internet influences . Communication Research , 28 : 464 – 506 .
  • Shah , D. V. and Scheufele , D. A. 2006 . Explicating opinion leadership: Nonpolitical dispositions, information consumption, and civic participation . Political Communication , 23 : 1 – 22 .
  • Slater , M. D. 2007 . Reinforcing spirals: The mutual influence of media selectivity and media effects and their impact on individual behavior and social identity . Communication Theory , 17 : 281 – 303 .
  • Sotirovic , M. and McLeod , J. M. 2001 . Values, communication behavior, and political participation . Political Communication , 18 : 273 – 300 .
  • Tedesco , J. C. 2004 . “ Changing the channel: Use of the Internet for communicating about politics ” . In Handbook of political communication , Edited by: Kaid , L. L. 507 – 532 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Weaver , D. and Drew , D. 1995 . Voter learning in the 1992 presidential election: Did the “nontraditional” media and debates matter? . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 72 : 7 – 17 .
  • Weaver , D. and Drew , D. 2001 . Voter learning and interest in the 2000 presidential election: Did the media matter? . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 78 : 787 – 798 .
  • Yanovitsky , I. and Cappella , J. N. 2001 . Effect of call-in political talk radio shows on their audiences: Evidence from a multi-wave panel analysis . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 13 : 377 – 397 .
  • Young , D. G. 2004 . Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 48 : 1 – 22 .
  • Zaller , J. 1992 . The nature and origins of mass opinion , New York : Cambridge University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.