Behavioral Activation/Inhibition Systems and Emotions: A Test of Valence vs. Action Tendency Hypotheses

References

• Baba , V. V. 1990 . Methodological issues in modeling absence: A comparison of least squares and tobit analysis . Journal of Applied Psychology , 75 : 428 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batson , C. D. , Shaw , L. L. and Oleson , K. C. 1992 . “ Differentiating affect, mood, and emotion: Toward functionally based conceptual definitions ” . In Review of personality and social psychology: Emotion , Edited by: Clark , M. S. 294 – 326 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. and Berntson , G. G. 1994 . Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates . Psychological Bulletin , 115 : 401 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills , L. , Liverant , G. I. and Brown , T. A. 2004 . Psychometric evaluation of the behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation scales in a large sample of outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders . Psychological Assessment , 16 : 244 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. and White , T. 1994 . Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 319 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver , C. S. 2004 . Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system . Emotion , 4 : 3 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S. , Liberman , A. and Eagly , A. H. 1989 . “ Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context ” . In Unintended thought , Edited by: Uleman , J. S. and Bargh , J. A. 212 – 252 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , L. A. and Watson , D. 1994 . “ Distinguishing functional from dysfunctional affective responses ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 131 – 136 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. 1991 . Truncated and censored samples: Theory and applications , New York : Marcle Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 2000 . “ Evolutionary psychology and the emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 91 – 115 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. 1992 . Emotion and affective style: Hemispheric substrates . Psychological Science , 3 : 39 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamantopoulos , A. and Winklhofer , H. M. 2001 . Index construction with formative indicators: An alternative to scale development . Journal of Marketing Research , 38 : 269 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. and Anderson , J. W. 2004 . The role of fear in persuasion . Psychology and Marketing , 21 : 909 – 926 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. and Meijnders , A. 2002 . “ Persuasion and structure of affect ” . In The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice , Edited by: Dillard , J. P. and Pfau , M. 309 – 328 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. and Nabi , R. 2006 . The persuasive influence of emotion in cancer prevention and detection messages . Journal of Communication , 56 ( Suppl. 1 ) : s123 – s139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. and Peck , E. 2001 . Persuasion and the structure of affect: Dual systems and discrete emotions as complementary models . Human Communication Research , 27 : 38 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. , Plotnick , C. A. , Godbold , L. C. , Freimuth , V. S. and Edgar , T. 1996 . The multiple affective outcomes of AIDS PSAs: Fear appeals do more than scare people . Communication Research , 23 : 44 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillard , J. P. and Wilson , B. J. 1993 . Communication and affect: Thoughts, feelings and issues for the future . Communication Research , 20 : 637 – 646 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Scherer , K. R. 2003 . “ Appraisal processes in emotion ” . In Handbook of the affective sciences , Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Goldsmith , H. and Scherer , K. R. 572 – 595 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , P. C. and Smith , C. A. 1988 . Shades of joy: Patterns of appraisal differentiating pleasant emotions . Cognition and Emotion , 2 : 301 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman Barrett , L. and Fossum , T. 2001 . Mental representations of affect knowledge . Cognition and Emotion , 15 : 333 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman Barrett , L. , Mesquita , B. , Ochsner , K. N. and Gross , J. 2007 . The experience of emotion . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 373 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1993 . “ Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 381 – 403 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. , Kuipers , P. and ter Schure , E. 1989 . Relations among emotion, appraisals, and emotional action readiness . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 212 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gable , S. L. , Reis , H. T. and Elliot , A. J. 2000 . Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 78 : 1135 – 1149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman , A. and Pardoe , I. 2006 . Bayesian measures of explained variance and pooling in multilevel (hierarchical) models . Technometrics , 48 : 241 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. 1990 . Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition . Cognition and Emotion , 4 : 269 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. 2003 . Anger and the behavioral approach system . Personality and Individual Differences , 35 : 995 – 1005 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. 2004 . Contributions from research on anger and cognitive dissonance to understanding the motivational functions of asymmetrical frontal brain activity . Biological Psychology , 67 : 51 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. and Allen , J. B. 1997 . Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: Covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 159 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones , E. , Sigelman , J. , Bohlig , A. and Harmon-Jones , C. 2003 . Anger, coping, and frontal cortical activity: The effect of coping potential on anger-induced left frontal activity . Cognition and Emotion , 17 : 1 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heponiemi , T. , Keltikangas-Jarvinen , L. , Puttonen , S. and Ravaja , N. 2003 . BIS/BAS sensitivity and self-rated affects during experimentally induced stress . Personality and Individual Differences , 34 : 943 – 957 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heubeck , B. G. , Wilkinson , R. B. and Cologon , J. 1998 . A second look at Carver and White's (1994) BIS/BAS scales . Personality and Individual Differences , 25 : 785 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hullett , C. R. 2005 . The impact of mood on persuasion: A meta-analysis . Communication Research , 32 : 423 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 2009 . Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues . Annual Review of Psychology , 60 : 1 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janis , I. L. 1967 . “ Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 3 , 166 – 224 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jöreskog , K. , & Sörbom , D. 1999 . LISREL 8.30 [Computer software]. Scientific Software International Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kang , Y. , Cappella , J. and Fishbein , M. 2006 . The attentional mechanism of message sensation value: Interaction between message sensation value and argument quality on message effectiveness . Communication Monographs , 73 : 351 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner , D. and Ekman , P. 2000 . “ Facial expression of emotion ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland-Jones , J. M. 236 – 249 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• King , K. W. and Reid , L. N. 1990 . Fear arousing anti-drinking and driving PSAs: Do physical injury threats influence young adults? . Current Issues and Research in Advertising , 12 : 155 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1991 . Emotion and adaptation , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 1999 . “ The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of history ” . In Handbook of cognition and emotion , Edited by: Dalgleish , T. and Power , M. 3 – 19 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Levenson , R. W. 1994 . “ Human emotions: A functional view ” . In The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions , Edited by: Ekman , P. and Davidson , R. J. 123 – 126 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levenson , R. W. 1999 . The intrapersonal functions of emotion . Cognition and Emotion , 13 : 481 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , J. S. 1997 . Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , S. E. , Palmgreen , P. , Stephenson , M. T. , Hoyle , R. H. and Lorch , E. P. 2003 . Associations between message features and subjective evaluations of the sensation value of antidrug public service announcements . Journal of Communication , 53 : 512 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris , P. , Meesters , C. , de Kanter , E. and Timmerman , P. 2005 . Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation system scales for children: Relationships with Eysenck's personality traits and psychopathological symptoms . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 831 – 841 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi , R. L. 2002a . Anger, fear, uncertainty, and attitudes: A test of the cognitive-functional model . Communication Monographs , 69 : 204 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi , R. L. 2002b . “ Discrete emotions and persuasion ” . In The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice , Edited by: Dillard , J. P. and Pfau , M. 289 – 308 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Oatley , K. 1992 . Best laid schemes: The psychology of emotions , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , D. J. 2002 . “ Guilt as a mechanism of persuasion ” . In The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice , Edited by: Dillard , J. P. and Pfau , M. 329 – 344 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , R. A. 2001 . On the use of college students in social science research: Insights from a second-order meta-analysis . Journal of Consumer Research , 28 : 450 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1986 . “ The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 19 , 123 – 205 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Plutchik , R. 1980 . Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Rabe-Hesketh , S. and Skrondal , A. 2005 . Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata , College Station, TX : Stata Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. 2001 . “ A model of appraisal in the emotion system ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 68 – 91 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. , Wiest , C. and Swartz , T. S. 1994 . Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 67 : 206 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , S. , Millis , S. , Bonebright , T. and Bailley , S. 2002 . Confirmatory factor analysis of the behavioral inhibition and activation scales . Personality and Individual Differences , 33 : 861 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. 2003 . Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion . Psychological Reports , 110 : 145 – 172 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. and Feldman Barrett , L. 1999 . Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 805 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 1984 . “ On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach ” . In Approaches to emotion , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 293 – 317 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. 2001 . “ Appraisal considered as a process of multi-level sequential checking ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research , Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 92 – 120 . New York and Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. and Ceschi , G. 1997 . Lost luggage: A field study of emotion-antecedent appraisal . Motivation and Emotion , 21 : 211 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. and Ceschi , G. 2000 . Criteria for emotion recognition from verbal and nonverbal expression: Studying baggage loss in the airport . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 26 : 327 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. , & Johnstone , T. 2001 . Appraisal processes in emotion . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shaver , P. , Schwartz , J. , Kirson , D. and O'Connor , C. 1987 . Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 1061 – 1086 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , L. and Dillard , J. P. 2007 . The influence of BIS/BAS and message framing on the processing of persuasive health messages . Communication Research , 34 : 433 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. A. and Ellsworth , P. C. 1985 . Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 48 : 813 – 838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson , M. T. 2003 . Examining adolescents' responses to antimarijuana PSAs . Human Communication Research , 29 : 343 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton , S. K. and Davidson , R.J. 1997 . Prefrontal brain asymmetry: A biological substrate of the behavioral approach and avoidance systems . Psychological Science , 8 : 204 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thayer , R. E. 1989 . The biopsychology of mood and arousal , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tobin , J. 1958 . Estimation of relationships for limited dependent variables . Econometrica , 26 : 24 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooby , J. and Cosmides , L. 1990 . The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environment . Ethology and Sociobiology , 11 : 375 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacker , J. , Heldmann , M. and Stemmler , G. 2003 . Separating emotion and motivational direction in fear and anger: Effects on frontal asymmetry . Emotion , 3 : 167 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , D. , Wiese , D. , Vaidya , J. and Tellegen , A. 1999 . The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 820 – 838 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winship , C. and Morgan , S. 1999 . The estimation of causal effects from observational data . Annual Review of Sociology , 25 : 659 – 706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte , K. and Allen , M. 2000 . A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns . Health Education and Behavior , 27 : 591 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar