Is plus size equal? The positive impact of average and plus-sized media fashion models on women’s cognitive resource allocation, social comparisons, and body satisfaction

References

• Altabe, M. (1998). Ethnicity and body image: Quantitative and qualitative analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 153–159. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, A. L., & Grieve, F. G. (2006). Exposure to male models in advertisements leads to a decrease in men’s body satisfaction. North American Journal of Psychology, 8(1). doi: 10.1155/2012/490647
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3, 265–299. doi: 10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholow, B. D., & Bolls, P. (2013). Media psychophysiology: The brain and beyond. In K. Dill (Ed.), Oxford handbook of media psychology (pp. 474–495). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bessenoff, G. R. (2006). Can the media affect us? Social comparison, self-discrepancy, and the thin ideal. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30, 239–251. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00292.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolls, P. D. (2002). I can hear you, but can I see you? The use of visual cognition during exposure to high-imagery radio advertisements. Communication Research, 29, 537–563. doi: 10.1177/009365002236194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25, 49–59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 839–855. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, T. F., Fleming, E. C., Alindogan, J., Steadman, L., & Whitehead, A. (2002). Beyond body image as a trait: The development and validation of the body image states scale. Eating Disorders, 10, 103–113. doi: 10.1080/10640260290081678
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., & Leshner, G. (2015). The uncanny valley: The effects of rotoscope animation on motivational processing of depression drug messages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(1), 57–75. doi: 10.1080/08838151.2014.998227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., Bolls, P. D., & Thorson, E. (2017). Discard the smoking cues—keep the disgust: An investigation of tobacco smokers’ motivated processing of anti-tobacco commercials. Health Communication, 32(11), 1317–1328. doi:10.1080/10410236.2016.1220042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, R. B., Leshner, G., Tomko, R., Trull, T. J., & Piasecki, T. M. (2017). Countering craving with disgusting images: Examining nicotine withdrawn smokers’ motivated message processing of anti-tobacco PSAs. Journal of Health Communication, 22(3), 254–261. doi: 10.1080/10810730.2016.1268222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B. H., Davidson, R. J., Senulis, J. A., Saron, C. D., & Weisman, D. R. (1992). Muscle tension patterns during auditory attention. Biological Psychology, 33, 133–156. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(92)90028-S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmar, H., Halliwell, E., & Stirling, E. (2009). Understanding the impact of thin media models on women’s body-focused affect: The roles of thin-ideal internalization and weight-related self-discrepancy activation in experimental exposure effects. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 43. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2009.28.1.43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative comparisons about one’s appearance mediate the relationship between facebook use and body image concerns. Body Image, 12, 82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140. doi: 10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 460. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, F. K. (1979). Distinguishing among orienting, defense, and startle reflexes. In H. D. Kimmel, E. H. van Olst, & J. F. Orlebeke (Eds.), The Orienting Reflex in Humans, (pp. 137–167). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Groesz, L. M., Levine, M. P., & Murnen, S. K. (2002). The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31, 1–16. doi: 10.1002/eat.10005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell, E., & Dittmar, H. (2004). Does size matter? The impact of model’s body size on women’s body-focused anxiety and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 104. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.1.104.26989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, D. A., & Tiggemann, M. (2009). Muscular ideal media images and men’s body image: Social comparison processing and individual vulnerability. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 10, 109. doi: 10.1037/a0014691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, B., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The effect of thin ideal media images on women’s self-objectification, mood, and body image. Sex Roles, 58, 649–657. doi: 10.1007/s11199-007-9379-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrickse, J., Arpan, L. M., Clayton, R. B., & Ridgway, J. L. (2017). Instagram and college women’s body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 92–100. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi, L., & Cash, T. F. (1994). In pursuit of the perfect appearance: Discrepancies Among self-ideal percepts of multiple physical attributes 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 379–396. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00588.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi, R., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2004). Self-enhancing effects of exposure to thin-body images. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 35, 333–341. doi: 10.1002/eat.10253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, J., Lennon, S. J., & Rudd, N. A. (2001). Self-Schema or self-discrepancy? Which best explains body image? Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 19, 171–184. doi: 10.1177/0887302X0101900403
   Google Scholar
• Keene, J. R., Clayton, R. B., Berke, C. K., Loof, T., & Bolls, P. D. (in press). On the use of beats-per-minute and interbeat interval in the analysis of cardiac responses to mediated messages. Communication Research Reports. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/08824096.2017.1334640
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., & Lennon, S. J. (2007). Mass media and self-esteem, body image, and eating disorder tendencies. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 25, 3–23. doi: 10.1177/0887302X06296873
   Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015). Thinspiration: Self-improvement versus self-evaluation social comparisons with thin-ideal media portrayals. Health Communication, 30, 1089–1101. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2014.921270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (1994). What can the heart tell us about thinking? In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological responses to media (pp. 99–112). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50, 46–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2009). The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing. In R. L. Nabi & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), The Sage handbook of media processes and effects (pp. 193–204). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2006). Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing to design effective cancer communication messages. Journal of Communication, 56, 57–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00283.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Dhillon, K., & Dong, Q. (1995). The effects of emotional arousal and valence on television viewers’ cognitive capacity and memory. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 313–327. doi: 10.1080/08838159509364309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, M. P., & Harrison, K. (2004). Media’s Role in the Perpetuation and Prevention of Negative Body Image and Disordered Eating.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, N., & Weaver, A. J. (2016). Emotional responses to social comparisons in reality television programming. Journal of Media Psychology, 28(2), 65–77. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Guimerà, G., Levine, M. P., Sánchez-Carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010). Influence of mass media on body image and eating disordered attitudes and behaviors in females: A review of effects and processes. Media Psychology, 13, 387–416. doi: 10.1080/15213269.2010.525737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., & McCain, T. A. (1974). The measurement of interpersonal attraction.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, J. S., Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., & Tiggemann, M. (2002). Effects of exposure to thin media images: Evidence of self-enhancement among restrained eaters. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1687–1699. doi: 10.1177/014616702237650
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, P. N., & Biocca, F. A. (1992). The elastic body image: The effect of television advertising and programming on body image distortions in young women. Journal of Communication, 42, 108–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00802.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, R. (2016). The self and social comparison process. In Randall Summers (Ed.), Social psychology how other people influence our thoughts and actions (pp. 31–44). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Peck, J., & Loken, B. (2004). When will larger-sized female models in advertisements be viewed positively? The moderating effects of instructional frame, gender, and need for cognition. Psychology & Marketing, 21, 425–442. doi: 10.1002/mar.20012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2002). Causes of eating disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 187–213. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, R. F., & Bolls, P. (2012). Psychophysiological measurement and meaning: Cognitive and emotional processing of media. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, R. F., Lang, A., & Bolls, P. D. (2008). Identifying structural features of audio: Orienting responses during radio messages and their impact on recognition. Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 168–177. doi: 10.1027/1864-1105.20.4.168
   Google Scholar
• Ridgway, J. L., & Clayton, R. B. (2016). Instagram unfiltered: Exploring associations of body image satisfaction, instagram# selfie posting, and negative romantic relationship outcomes. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19, 2–7. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2015.0433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridgway, J., Parsons, J., & Sohn, M. (2017). Creating a more ideal self through the use of clothing: An exploratory study of women’s perceptions of optical illusion garments. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 35, 111–127. doi: 10.1177/0887302X16678335
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, M. A. (1994). Signal detection measures of recognition memory. In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological responses to media (pp. 133–148). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Sokolov, E. N., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1997). Orienting and defense reflexes: Vector coding the cardiac response.
   Google Scholar
• Strahan, E. J., Wilson, A. E., Cressman, K. E., & Buote, V. M. (2006). Comparing to perfection: How cultural norms for appearance affect social comparisons and self-image. Body Image, 3, 211–227. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.07.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Striegel-Moore, R. H., Silberstein, L. R., & Rodin, J. (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychologist, 41, 246. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.3.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stunkard, A. J., Sørensen, T., & Schulsinger, F. (1983). Use of the Danish adoption register for the study of obesity and thinness. In S. Kety (Ed.), The genetics of neurological and psychiatric disorders (pp. 115–120). New York, NY: Raven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999). Exacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance. American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10312-000
   Google Scholar
• Thorson, E., & Lang, A. (1992). The effects of television videographics and lecture familiarity on adult cardiac orienting responses and memory. Communication Research, 19, 346–369. doi: 10.1177/009365092019003003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M. (2011). Mental health risks of self-objectification: A review of the empirical evidence for disordered eating, depressed mood, and sexual dysfunction. doi: 10.1037/12304-007
   Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & McGill, B. (2004). The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women’s mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 23. doi: 10.1521/jscp.23.1.23.26991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vartanian, L. R. (2012). Self-discrepancy theory and body image. Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, 2, 711–717. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00112-7
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Solloway, T., Tchernev, J. M., & Barker, B. (2012). Dynamic motivational processing of antimarijuana messages: Coactivation begets attention. Human Communication Research, 38(4), 485–509. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2012.01431.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
   Google Scholar