Exploring the linkage between offline collaboration networks and online representational network diversity on social media

References

• Aldrich, H., & Ruef, M. (2006). Organizations evolving (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Andrew, S. A. (2009). Regional integration through contracting networks: An empirical analysis of institutional collection action framework. Urban Affairs Review, 44(3), 378–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087408323941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atouba, Y. C. (2019). Let’s start from the beginning: Examining the connections between partner selection, trust, and communicative effectiveness in voluntary partnerships among human services nonprofits. Communication Research, 46(2), 179–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215626982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, J. E. (2000). Strategic collaboration between nonprofits and businesses. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1_suppl), 69–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764000291S004
   Google Scholar
• Bossetta, M. (2018). The digital architectures of social media: Comparing political campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 US election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 471–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018763307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, K. K., & Verma, R. (2000). Multiple raters in survey-based operations management research: A review and tutorial. Production and Operations Management, 9(2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2000.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brinkerhoff, J. M. (2002). Government-nonprofit partnership: A defining framework. Public Administration and Development, 22(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerfel, M. L., Chewning, L. V., & Lai, C. H. (2013). The evolution of networks and the resilience of interorganizational relationships after disaster. Communication Monographs, 80(4), 533–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.828157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, C., & Rim, H. (2019). Exploring nonprofit-business partnerships on Twitter from a network perspective. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends”: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, J. S., & Cooper, K. R. (2020). Interorganizational network portfolios of nonprofit organizations: Implications for collaboration management. Nonprofit Management & Leadership. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21438
   Google Scholar
• Fu, J. S., & Shumate, M. (2017). Understanding the size and spread of Chinese NGO networks: Capacity and board affiliations. Chinese Journal of Communication, 10(1), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2016.1219756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, J. S., & Zhang, R. (2019). NGOs’ HIV/AIDS discourse on social media and websites: Technology affordances and strategic communication across media platforms. International Journal of Communication, 13, 181–205. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/9552/2528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazley, B. (2010). Why not partner with local government? Nonprofit managerial perceptions of collaborative disadvantage. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764008327196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati, R. (1995). Social structure and alliance formation patterns: A longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(4), 619–652. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulati, R. (1999). Network location and learning: The influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 397–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199905)20:5<397::AID-SMJ35>3.0.CO;2-K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, C., & Acar, M. (2005). Understanding collaboration among nonprofit organizations: Combining resource dependency, institutional, and network perspectives. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 34(3), 340–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764005275411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2018). Speaking and being heard: How nonprofit advocacy organizations gain attention on social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampton, K. N. (2011). Comparing bonding and bridging ties for democratic engagement: Everyday use of communication technologies within social networks for civic and civil behaviors. Information, Communication & Society, 14(4), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.562219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450709336664
   Google Scholar
• Jin, S. A. A., & Phua, J. (2014). Following celebrities’ tweets about brands: The impact of Twitter-based electronic word-of-mouth on consumers’ source credibility perception, buying intention, and social identification with celebrities. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.827606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, K., & Song, M. (2015). Linking emergency management networks to disaster resilience: Bonding and bridging strategy in hierarchical or horizontal collaboration networks. Quality & Quantity, 49(4), 1465–1483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0092-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyton, J., Ford, D. J., & Smith, F. L. (2008). A mesolevel communicative model of collaboration. Communication Theory, 18(3), 376–406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.00327.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D., Chun, H., Kwak, Y., & Nam, Y. (2014). The employment of dialogic principles in website, Facebook, and Twitter platforms of environmental nonprofit organizations. Social Science Computer Review, 32(5), 590–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314525752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C.-H., & Fu, J. S. (2020). Humanitarian relief and development organizations’ stakeholder targeting communication on social media and beyond. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00209-6
   Google Scholar
• Lai, C.-H., She, B., & Tao, C. C. (2017). Connecting the dots: A longitudinal observation of relief organizations’ representational networks on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.04.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, C.-H., She, B., & Ye, X. (2019). Unpacking the network processes and outcomes of online and offline humanitarian collaboration. Communication Research, 46(1), 88–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215616862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, H. (2012). Cross-sector alliances for corporate social responsibility partner heterogeneity moderates environmental strategy outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(2), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1423-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, N., & Erickson, B. H. (Eds.). (2008). Social capital: An international research program. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindenberg, M., & Dobel, J. P. (1999). The challenges of globalization for northern international relief and development NGOs. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 28(1-Suppl), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976499773746401
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., & Shin, J. (2019). Convergence or divergence: Exploring different mechanisms driving children’s rights organizations’ offline versus online interorganizational alliance building. Telematics and Informatics, 42, Article 101242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101242
   Google Scholar
• Meng, J., Williams, D., & Shen, C. (2015). Channels matter: Multimodal connectedness, types of co-players and social capital for multiplayer online battle arena gamers. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyskens, M., Robb-Post, C., Stamp, J. A., Carsrud, A. L., & Reynolds, P. D. (2010). Social ventures from a resource-based perspective: An exploratory study assessing global Ashoka fellows. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(4), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00389.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte, I. M., & Boenigk, S. (2013). A study of ad hoc network performance in disaster response. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(1), 148–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011434557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonprofit Tech for Good. (2019). Global NGO technology report. https://funraise.org/techreport-about
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, A., & Shumate, M. (2014). Differences among NGOs in the business–NGO cooperative network. Business & Society, 53(1), 105–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650311418195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, A., & Shumate, M. (2018). A multidimensional network approach to strategic communication. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(4), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1452242
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C. (1990). Determinants of interorganizational relationships: Integration and future directions. Academy of Management Review, 15(2), 241–265. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1990.4308156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oz, M., Zheng, P., & Chen, G. M. (2018). Twitter versus Facebook: Comparing incivility, impoliteness, and deliberative attributes. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3400–3419. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817749516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, P. C., Fernhaber, S. A., McDougall-Covin, P. P., & van der Have, R. P. (2014). Beating competitors to international markets: The value of geographically balanced networks for innovation. Strategic Management Journal, 35(5), 691–711. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, C. C. (2010). A longitudinal study of the influence of alliance network structure and composition on firm exploratory innovation. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 890–913. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.52814627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phua, J., Jin, S. V., & Kim, J. J. (2017). Uses and gratifications of social networking sites for bridging and bonding social capital: A comparison of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilny, A., & Atouba, Y. (2018). Modeling valued organizational communication networks using exponential random graph models. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(2), 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318917737179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilny, A., & Shumate, M. (2012). Hyperlinks as extensions of offline instrumental collective action. Information, Communication & Society, 15(2), 260–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2011.606328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilny, A., Shumate, M., Pena y Lillo, M., Atouba, Y., & Cooper, K. (2014, May). The structures of interorganizational communication networks [Paper presentation]. International Communication Association Conference, Seattle, WA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 116–145. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, R. E., Evans, S. K., Pearce, K. E., Sivunen, A., Vitak, J., & Treem, J. W. (2017). Organizational media affordances: Operationalization and associations with media use. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 106–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxton, G. D., & Wang, L. (2014). The social network effect: The determinants of giving through social media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(5), 850–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013485159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shane-Simpson, C., Manago, A., Gaggi, N., & Gillespie-Lynch, K. (2018). Why do college students prefer Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram? Site affordances, tensions between privacy and self-expression, and implications for social capital. Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shortell, S. M., & Zajac, E. J. (1990). Perceptual and archival measures of miles and snow’s strategic types: A comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 817–832. https://doi.org/10.5465/256292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., Atouba, Y., Cooper, K. R., & Pilny, A. (2017). Interorganizational communication. In C. R. Scott & L. Lewis (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of organizational communication (pp. 1–24). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., & Contractor, N. S. (2013). Emergence of multidimensional social networks. In L. L. Putnam & D. K. Mumby (Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational communication (pp. 449–474). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., Fu, J. S., & Cooper, K. R. (2018). Does cross-sector collaboration lead to higher nonprofit capacity? Journal of Business Ethics, 150, 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3856-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., Hsieh, Y. P., & O’Connor, A. (2018). A nonprofit perspective on business–nonprofit partnerships: Extending the symbiotic sustainability model. Business & Society, 57(7), 1337–1373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650316645051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., & Lipp, J. (2008). Connective collective action online: An examination of the hyperlink network structure of an NGO issue network. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(1), 178–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01436.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., & O’Connor, A. (2010a). Corporate reporting of cross-sector alliances: The portfolio of NGO partners communicated on corporate websites. Communication Monographs, 77(2), 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003758201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, M., & O’Connor, A. (2010b). The symbiotic sustainability model: Conceptualizing NGO–corporate alliance communication. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 577–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01498.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simo, G., & Bies, A. L. (2007). The role of nonprofits in disaster response: An expanded model of cross-sector collaboration. Public Administration Review, 67, 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00821.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, C. R. (2015). Multiplexity and strategic alliances: The relational embeddedness of coalitions in social movement organisational fields. Social Networks, 42, 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2015.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J. (2020). The multiplex networks of strategic alliances and follower–followee relations among US technology companies. International Journal of Communication, 14, 21. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/13754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, A. M., & Perry, J. L. (2006). Collaboration processes: Inside the black box. Public Administration Review, 66, 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00663.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, A. M., Perry, J. L., & Miller, T. K. (2009). Conceptualizing and measuring collaboration. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(1), 23–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treem, J. W., & Leonardi, P. M. (2013). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Annals of the International Communication Association, 36(1), 143–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2013.11679130
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. http://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Correa, T., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2018). Ties, likes, and tweets: Using strong and weak ties to explain differences in protest participation across Facebook and Twitter use. Political Communication, 35(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterloo, S. F., Baumgartner, S. E., Peter, J., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2018). Norms of online expressions of emotion: Comparing Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society, 20(5), 1813–1831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817707349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W., & Saxton, G. D. (2019). Does stakeholder engagement pay off on social media? A social capital perspective. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018791267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanacopulos, H. (2005). The strategies that bind: NGO coalitions and their influence. Global Networks, 5(1), 93–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2005.00109.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, A., & Ji, Y. G. (2019). The quest for legitimacy and the communication of strategic cross-sectoral partnership on Facebook: A big data study. Public Relations Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101839
   Google Scholar
• Yang, A., & Taylor, M. (2015). Looking over, looking out, and moving forward: Positioning public relations in theorizing organizational network ecologies. Communication Theory, 25(1), 91–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar