“You unconsciously walk across the street if you see someone”: an affective containment framework for implicit bias sensemaking

References

• Ahmed, S. (2004). Affective economies. Social Text, 22(2), 117–139. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-117
   Google Scholar
• American Bar Association. (2023, April 14th). Implicit bias videos and toolkit. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/diversity/resources/implicit-bias/.
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, S., Bayer, P., & Hjalmarsson, R. (2022). Unequal jury representation and its consequences. American Economic Review: Insights, 4(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20210149
   Google Scholar
• Ashcraft, K. L. (2020). Senses of self: Affect as a pre-individual approach to identity at work. In A. D. Brown (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of identities in organizations (pp. 848–863). Handbooks.
   Google Scholar
• Ashcraft, K. L. (2021). Communication as constitutive transmission? An encounter with affect. Communication Theory, 31(4), 571–592. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct/qtz027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcraft, K. L., Kuhn, T. R., & Cooren, F. (2009). 1 Constitutional amendments: “materializing” organizational communication. Academy of Management Annals, 3(1), 1–64. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520903047186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banaji, M. R., Bhaskar, R., & Brownstein, M. (2015). When bias is implicit, how might we think about repairing harm? Current Opinion in Psychology, 6, 183–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 801–831. https://doi.org/10.1086/345321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyes, T., Cnossen, B., Ashcraft, K., & Bencherki, N. (2022). Who’s afraid of the senses? Organization, management and the return of the sensorium. Management Learning, 53(4), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505076221111423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, T. (2004). The transmission of affect. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chalfin, A., & Kaplan, J. (2021). How many complaints against police officers can be abated by incapacitating a few “bad apples?”. Criminology & Public Policy, 20(2), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernoff, N. W. (2019). Black to the future: The state action doctrine and the White jury. Washburn LJ, 58(1), 103–186. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3385624
   Google Scholar
• Classen, C. (2022). Communication at the end of the world: Affective material performativity and the nuclear danger sign. Text and Performance Quarterly, 42(2), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462937.2022.2033825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clough, P. T. (2008). The affective turn. Theory, Culture & Society, 25(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407085156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. N., Updegrove, A. H., Gabbidon, S. L., & Jordan, K. (2021). Pre-arrest perceptions of George Zimmerman’s guilt in the fatal Trayvon Martin shooting: Examining racial differences in the presumption of guilt. Crime & Delinquency, 69(4), 756–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287211022616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, R. T. (1999). Communication theory as a field. Communication Theory, 9(2), 119–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.1999.tb00355.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, P., Plant, E., Amodio, D., Harmon-Jones, E., & Vance, S. (2002). The regulation of explicit and implicit race bias: The role of motivations to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 835–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, D. S., & Drumheller, K. (2006). Sensemaking and emotions in organizations: Accounting for emotions in a rational(ized) context. Communication Studies, 57(2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970600667030
   Google Scholar
• Edbauer Rice, J. (2008). The new “new”: Making a case for critical affect studies. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 94(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630801975434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elek, J. K., & Hannaford-Agor, P. (2014). Can explicit instructions reduce expressions of Implicit bias? New questions following a test of a specialized jury instruction. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2430438.
   Google Scholar
• Elek, J. K., & Hannaford-Agor, P. (2015). Implicit bias and the American juror. Court Review, 51(3), 116–122. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ajacourtreview/522/
   Google Scholar
• Gephart, R. P., Topal, C., & Zhang, Z. (2010). Future-oriented sensemaking: Temporalities and institutional legitimation. In T. Hernes, & S. Maitlis (Eds.), Process, sensemaking, and organizing (pp. 275–312). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Krieger, L. H. (2006). Implicit bias: Scientific foundations. California Law Review, 94(4), 945–967. https://doi.org/10.2307/20439056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossberg, L. (2014). We gotta get out of this place: Popular conservatism and postmodern culture. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grossberg, L., & Behrenshausen, B. G. (2016). Cultural studies and Deleuze–Guattari, part 2: From affect to conjunctures. Cultural Studies, 30(6), 1001–1028. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2016.1173476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J., Bennett, M., Carbado, D., Casey, P., & Levinson, J. (2012). Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59(5), 1124–1187. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/uclalr59&i=1138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. (2017). Awareness as a first step toward overcoming implicit bias. SSRN Electronic Journal, 289, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3011381
   Google Scholar
• Legault, L., Gutsell, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2011). Ironic effects of antiprejudice messages: How motivational interventions can reduce (but also increase) prejudice. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1472–1477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611427918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M., Kidd, T., & Shaw, E. (2022). The subtle effects of implicit bias instructions. Law & Policy, 44(1), 98–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitlis, S., & Christianson, M. (2014). Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and moving forward. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57–125. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2014.873177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massumi, B. (1995). The autonomy of affect. Cultural Critique, (31), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.2307/1354446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massumi, B. (2010). The future birth of the affective fact: The political ontology of threat. In M. Gregg, & G. J. Seigworth (Eds.), The affect theory reader (pp. 52–70). Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mendoza, S., Gollwitzer, P., & Amodio, D. (2010). Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes: Reflexive control through implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(4), 512–523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210362789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles, K. S., & Cottle, J. L. (2011). Beyond plain language: A learner-centered approach to pattern jury instructions. Technical Communication Quarterly, 20(1), 92–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/10572252.2011.528345
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd Ed.). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Missouri Courts. (2021). Jury guide: Common questions. https://www.courts.mo.gov/osca/index.nsf/0689b8c101eb734c86256555007e179d/319d743f2be241ca8625697c00513ca8?OpenDocument.
   Google Scholar
• Nir, S. M. (2020, June 14). How 2 lives collided in Central Park, rattling the nation. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/14/nyregion/central-park-amy-cooper-christian-racism.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ocasio, W. (2011). Attention to attention. Organization Science, 22(5), 1286–1296. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan, S. (2001). The aesthetics of affect: Thinking art beyond representation. Angelaki, 6(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/09697250120087987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, B. L. (2017). Affect in critical studies. In J. F. Nussbaum (Ed.), Oxford research encyclopedia of communication (pp. 1–26). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, E., & Devine, P. (2001). Responses to other-imposed Pro-black pressure: Acceptance or backlash? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(6), 486. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.2001.1478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall, R., Woods, J. A., & Martin, R. G. (2008). Racial representativeness of juries: An analysis of source list and administrative effects on the jury pool. Justice System Journal, 29(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/0098261X.2008.10767871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, D. (2005). Impersonal passion: Language as affect. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers, M. (2021). Laypeople as learners: Applying educational principles to improve juror comprehension of instructions. Northwestern University Law Review, 115(4), 1185–1225. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/illlr115&i=1197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruva, C. L., Sykes, E. C., Smith, K. D., Deaton, L. R., Erdem, S., & Jones, A. M. (2022). Battling bias: Can two implicit bias remedies reduce juror racial bias? Psychology, Crime & Law, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2115494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, T. D. (2012). Virality: Contagion theory in the age of networks. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scarduzio, J. A., & Tracy, S. J. (2015). Sensegiving and sensebreaking via emotion cycles and emotional buffering. Management Communication Quarterly, 29(3), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318915581647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouse, E. (2005). Feeling, emotion, affect. M/C Journal, 8(6), https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2443
   Google Scholar
• Simon, D. (2012). More problems with criminal trials: The limited effectiveness of legal mechanisms. Duke Law Journal, 75(2), 167–209. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/lcp75&i=391.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, K. (2007). Ordinary affects. Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Su, A. (2020). A proposal to properly address implicit bias in the jury. Hastings Women's LJ, 31(1), 79. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/haswo31&i=80.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. R., & Van Every, E. J. (2000). The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2020). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact (2nd ed). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, K., & Glynn, M. A. (2006). Making sense with institutions: Context, thought and action in Karl Weick’s theory. Organization Studies, 27(11), 1639–1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840606068343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2006). Mindfulness and the quality of organizational attention. Organization Science, 17(4), 514–524. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1060.0196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organization Science, 16(4), 409–421. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1050.0133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werry, M., & O'Gorman, R. (2007). Shamefaced: Performing pedagogy, outing affect. Text and Performance Quarterly, 27(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10462930701412353
   Google Scholar