When they support us: Expectations for social support from outgroup members

References

• Afifi, W. A., & Metts, S. (1998). Characteristics and consequences of expectation violations in close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(3), 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598153004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, V. L., & Wilder, D. A. (1979). Group categorization and attribution of belief similarity. Small Group Behavior, 10(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090552679101006
   Google Scholar
• Bergsieker, H. B., Leslie, L. M., Constantine, V. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). Stereotyping by omission: Eliminate the negative, accentuate the positive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1214–1238. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B. (2002). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love and outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00126
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, M. B. (2007). The importance of being we: Human nature and intergroup relations. American Psychologist, 62(8), 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.8.728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R., & Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 255–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37005-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J. K. (1993). Interpersonal expectations, expectancy violations, and emotional communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 12(1–2), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X93121003
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J. K. (2015). Expectancy violations theory. In C. R. Berger, M. E. Roloff, S. R. Wilson, J. P. Dillard, J. Caughlin, & D. Solomon (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of interpersonal communication. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon, J. K., & LePoire, B. A. (1993). Effects of communication expectancies, actual communication, and expectancy disconfirmation on evaluations of communicators and their communication behavior. Human Communication Research, 20(1), 67–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00316.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (1st ed., pp. 551–594). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burleson, B. R., & Goldsmith, D. J. (1998). How the comforting process works: Alleviating emotional distress through conversationally induced reappraisals. In P. A. Andersen & L. K. Guerrero (Eds.), Handbook of communication and emotion: Research, theory, applications, and contexts (pp. 245–280). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cambon, L., Yzerbyt, V., & Yakimova, S. (2015). Compensation in intergroup relations: An investigation of its structural and strategic foundations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 54(1), 140–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 40, pp. 61–149). Elsevier Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, N. (2004). Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SORE.0000027407.70241.15
   Google Scholar
• Droogendyk, L., Louis, W. R., & Wright, S. C. (2016). Renewed promise for positive cross-group contact: The role of supportive contact in empowering collective action. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences du Comportement, 48(4), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, B., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2010). The influences of message and source factors on advice outcomes. Communication Research, 37(4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210368258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, F. E., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). Being seen as individuals versus as group members: Extending research on metaperception to intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2005). Understanding and addressing contemporary racism: From aversive racism to the common ingroup identity model. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 615–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00424.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, H., & Maass, A. (2016). Advances in intergroup communication. Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, D. J., McDermott, V. M., & Alexander, S. C. (2000). Helpful, supportive and sensitive: Measuring the evaluation of enacted social support in personal relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17(3), 369–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407500173004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & Haslam, C. (2009). Social identity, health and well-being: An emerging agenda for applied psychology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 58(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00379.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 575–604. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High, A. C., & Dillard, J. P. (2012). A review and meta-analysis of person-centered messages and social support outcomes. Communication Studies, 63(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2011.598208
   Google Scholar
• Hurst, K. (2022). U.S. teens are more likely than adults to support the Black Lives Matter movement. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/06/15/u-s-teens-are-more-likely-than-adults-to-support-the-black-lives-matter-movement/
   Google Scholar
• Iyer, A., Leach, C. W., & Crosby, F. J. (2003). White guilt and racial compensation: The benefits and limits of self-focus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202238377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E. E. (1986). Interpreting interpersonal behavior: The effects of expectancies. Science, 234(4772), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4772.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01008.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., Ko, D., & Taylor, S. E. (2006). Pursuit of comfort and pursuit of harmony: Culture, relationships, and social support seeking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1595–1607. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206291991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., & Zhang, G. (2021). Intergroup communication in online forums: The effect of group identification on online support provision. Communication Research, 48(6), 874–894. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218807041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Branch, S. E., Carlson-Hill, C. L., Tian, X., Caldes, E. P., Miskovsky, M. N., Beatty, S., & Brinker, D. L. (2019). Verbal person centeredness in interaction: Connecting micro- and macro-level operationalization. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 38(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X18807508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Feng, B., & Burleson, B. R. (2011). Supportive communication. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interpersonal communication (pp. 317–354). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• MacGeorge, E. L., Guntzviller, L. M., Brisini, K. S., Bailey, L. C., Salmon, S. K., Severen, K., Branch, S. E., Lillie, H. M., Lindley, C. K., Pastor, R. G., & Cummings, R. D. (2017). The influence of emotional support quality on advice evaluation and outcomes. Communication Quarterly, 65(1), 80–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2016.1176945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallett, R. K., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008). Expect the unexpected: Failure to anticipate similarities leads to an intergroup forecasting error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(2), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.94.2.265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, T., Soliz, J., Minniear, M., & Bergquist, G. (2020). Communication accommodation and identity gaps as predictors of relational solidarity in interfaith family relationships. Communication Reports, 33(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2019.1692052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortenson, S. T. (2009). Interpersonal trust and social skill in seeking social support among Chinese and Americans. Communication Research, 36(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, T. F., Tropp, L. R., Wagner, U., & Christ, O. (2011). Recent advances in intergroup contact theory. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samter, W., & MacGeorge, E. L. (2016). Coding comforting behavior for verbal person centeredness. In C. A. VanLear & D. J. Canary (Eds.), Researching interactive communication behavior: A sourcebook of methods and measures (pp. 107–128). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schaller, M., Conway, L. G., & Peavy, I. I. I., & M, K. (2010). Evolutionary processes. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination (pp. 81–96). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Shelton, J. N., & Richeson, J. A. (2015). Interacting across racial lines. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, J. F. Dovidio, & J. A. Simpson (Eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, vol. 2. Group processes (pp. 395–422). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Soliz, J. (2007). Communicative predictors of a shared family identity: Comparison of grandchildren's perceptions of family-of-origin grandparents and stepgrandparents. Journal of Family Communication, 7(3), 177–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267430701221636
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H. (1979). Individuals and groups in social psychology. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00324.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. S. Census Bureau. (2019). The desert southwest [Infographic]. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/visualizations/2019/demo/desert-southwest.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wheeless, L. R., & Grotz, J. (1977). The measurement of trust and its relationship to self-disclosure. Human Communication Research, 3(3), 250–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00523.x
   Google Scholar
• Yzerbyt, V., & Cambon, L. (2017). The dynamics of compensation: When ingroup favoritism paves the way for outgroup praise. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(5), 587–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216689066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S., Masuda, T., Matsunaga, M., Noguchi, Y., Ohtsubo, Y., Yamasue, H., & Ishii, K. (2021). Cultural differences in social support seeking: The mediating role of empathic concern. PLoS ONE, 16(12), e0262001. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar