- Aronson , E. , Turner , J.A. and Carlsmith , J.M. 1963 . “Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy as Determinants of Opinion Change” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67 : 31 – 36 .
- Bochner , S. and Insko , C.A. 1966 . “Communicator Discrepancy, Source Credibility and Opinion Change” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 4 : 614 – 21 .
- Whittaker , J.O. 1965 . “Attitude Change and Communication‐Attitude Discrepancy” . Journal of Social Psychology , 65 : 141 – 47 .
- Freedman , J.L. 1964 . “Involvement, Discrepancy and Opinion Change” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 69 : 290 – 95 .
- Brewer , M.B. and Crano , W.D. 1968 . “Attitude Change as a Function of Discrepancy and Source of Influence” . Journal of Social Psychology , 76 : 13 – 18 .
- Nemeth , C. and Markowski , J. 1972 . “Conformity and Discrepancy of Position” . Sociometry , 35 : 562 – 75 .
- Anderson , N.H. 1974 . “Cognitive Algebra: Integration Theory Applied to Social Attribution” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. VII , 1 – 101 . New York : Academic Press .
- Anderson , N.H. 1981 . “Integration Theory Applied to Cognitive Responses and Attitudes” . In Cognitive Responses in Persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T.C. 361 – 97 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Himmelfarb , S. 1974 . “ ‘Resistance’ to Persuasion Induced by Information Integration” . In Readings in Attitude Change , Edited by: Himmelfarb , S. and Eagly , A.H. 413 – 17 . New York : Wiley .
- Sherif , M. and Hovland , C.I. 1961 . Social Judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Communication and Attitude Change , New Haven : Yale University Press .
- Atkins , A.L. , Deaux , K.K. and Bieri , J. 1967 . “Latitude of Acceptance and Attitude Change: Empirical Evidence for a Reformulation” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 6 : 47 – 54 .
- Peterson , P.D. and Koulack , D. 1969 . “Attitude Change as a Function of Latitudes of Acceptance and Rejection” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 11 : 309 – 11 .
- Eagly , A.H. and Telaak , K. 1972 . “Width of Latitude of Acceptance as a Determinant of Attitude Change” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 23 : 388 – 97 .
- Bergin , A. 1962 . “The Effect of Dissonant Persuasive Communications Upon Changes in a Self‐Referring Attitude” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 30 : 423 – 38 .
- Laroche , M. 1977 . “A Model of Attitude Change in Groups Following a Persuasive Communication: An Attempt at Formalizing Research Findings” . Behavioral Science , 22 : 246 – 57 .
- Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T.C. 1981 . “Historical Foundations of the Cognitive Response Approach to Attitudes and Persuasion” . In Cognitive Responses in Persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T.C. 5 – 29 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Brock , T.C. 1967 . “Communication Discrepancy and Intent to Persuade as Determinants of Counterargument Production” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 3 : 296 – 309 .
- Miller , N. and Colman , D.E. 1981 . “Methodological Issues in Analyzing the Cognitive Mediation of Persuasion” . In Cognitive Responses in Persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T.C. 105 – 25 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
- Ostrom , T.M. and Upshaw , H.S. 1968 . “Psychological Perspective and Attitude Change” . In Psychological Foundations of Attitudes , Edited by: Greenwald , A.G. , Brock , T.C. and Ostrom , T.M. 217 – 42 . New York : Academic Press .
- Judd , C. and DePaulo , B.M. 1979 . “The Effect of Perspective Differences on the Measurement of Involving Attitudes” . Social Psychology Quarterly , 42 : 185 – 89 .
- Eiser , J.R. and Plight , J.v.D. 1982 . “Accentuation and Perspective in Attitudinal Judgment” . Journal of Personality and Social Psycholo‐gy , 42 : 224 – 38 .
- Weiss , W. 1958 . “The Relationship Between Judgments of a Communicator's Position and Extent of Opinion Change” . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 56 : 380 – 84 .
- Choo , T.H. 1964 . “Communicator Credibility and Communication Discrepancy as Determinants of Opinion Change” . Journal of Social Psychology , 64 : 65 – 76 .
- Ostrom , T.M. , Steele , C. and Smilansky , J. 1974 . “Perceived Discrepancy and Attitude Change: An Unsubstantiated Relationship” . Representative Research in Social Psychology , 5 : 7 – 15 .
- Peak , Following H. 1958 . “Psychological Structure and Psychological Activity” . Psychological Review , 65 : 325 – 47 .
- Hunter , J. and Cohen , S. 1972 . “Mathematical Models of Attitude Change in the Passive Communication Context” . Department of Psychology, Michigan State University . Unpublished ms.
- Sherif , C.W. , Sherif , M. and Nebergall , G. 1965 . Attitude and Attitude Change , Philadelphia : Saunders .
- Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- Saltiel , J. and Woelfel , J. 1975 . “Inertia in Cognitive Processes: The Role of Accumulated Information in Attitude Change” . Human Communication Research , 1 : 333 – 44 .
- Woelfel , J. and Fink , E.L. 1980 . The Measurement of Communication Processes , 150 – 53 . New York : Academic Press .
- Danes , J.E. 1978 . “Communication Models of the Message‐Belief Change Process” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Ruben , B.D. Vol. 2 , 109 – 24 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
- Danes , J.E. , Hunter , J.E. and Woelfel , J. 1978 . “Mass Communication and Belief Change” . Human Communication Research , 4 : 243 – 52 .
- Baird , J.C. and Noma , E. 1978 . Fundamentals of Scaling and Psychophysics , 3 New York : Wiley .
- Zajonc , R.B. 1968 . “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure” . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 8 : 1 – 27 .
- Harrison , A.A. 1977 . “Mere Exposure” . In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. X , 39 – 83 . New York : Academic Press .
- Sawyer , A. 1981 . “Repetition, Cognitive Responses and Persuasion” . In Cognitive Responses in Persuasion , Edited by: Petty , R.E. , Ostrom , T.M. and Brock , T.C. 237 – 61 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
- Miller , M.D. and Burgoon , M. 1979 . “The Relationship between Violations of Expectations and the Induction of Resistance to Persuasion” . Human Communication Research , 5 : 301 – 13 .
- Lopes , L.L. 1972 . “A Unified Integration Model for ‘Prior Expectancy and Behavioral Extremity as Determinants of Attitude Attribution,’” . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 8 : 156 – 60 .
- Smith , J.E.K. 1976 . “Data Transformations in Analysis of Variance” . Journal of Verbal Learn ing and Verbal Behavior , 15 : 339 – 46 .
- Box , G.E.P. and Cox , D.R. 1964 . “An Analysis of Transformations” . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , 26 : 211 – 43 . Series B,
- Kruskal , J.B. 1968 . “Special Problems of Statistical Analysis: Transformations of Data” . In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , Edited by: Sills , D.L. 15 182 – 93 . New York : Macmillan and Free Press .
- Mosteller , F. and Tukey , J.W. 1977 . Data Analysis and Regression , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- Lein‐hardt , S. and Wassermari , S.S. 1978 . “Exploratory Data Analysis” . In Sociological Methodology 1979 , Edited by: Schuessler , K.F. 311 – 65 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
- Bauer , C.L. and Fink , E.L. 1983 . “Fitting Equations with Power Transformations: Examining Variables with Error” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Bostrom , R.N. Vol. 7 , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Hamblin , R.L. 1974 . “Social Attitudes: Magnitude Measurement and Theory” . In Measurement in the Social Sciences , Edited by: Blalock , H.M. Jr. 61 – 120 . Chicago : Aldine .
- Lave , C.A. and March , J.G. 1975 . An Introduction to Models in the Social Sciences , 58 – 61 . New York : Harper & Row .
- Meyer , S.L. 1975 . Data Analysis for Scientists and Engineers , 399 – 400 . New York : Wiley .
- Beck , J.V. and Arnold , K.J. 1977 . Parameter Estimation in Engineering and Science , New York : Wiley .
- Daniel , C. and Wood , F.S. 1980 . Fitting Equations to Data , New York : Wiley .
- Kaplowitz , S.A. and Fink , E.L. 1982 . “Attitude Change and Attitudinal Trajectories: A Dynamic Multidimensional Theory” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Burgoon , M. Vol. 6 , 364 – 94 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- Kaplowitz , S.A. , Fink , E.L. and Bauer , C.L. 1983 . “A Dynamic Model of the Effect of Discrepant Information on Unidimensional Attitude Change” . Behavioral Science , 28 : 233 – 50 .
- Armstrong , G.A. , Bauer , C.L. , Fink , E.L. and Kaplowitz , S.A. 1981 . “The Persistence of Attitude Change Induced by Varying Levels of Message Discrepancy” . annual conference of the International Communication Association . May 1981 , Minneapolis.
- Mill , J.S. 1908 . Autobiography , 168 London : Longmans Green .
- The authors wish to thank G. Blake Armstrong, David D'AIessio, Joseph Woelfel, Lucy Johnson, Karen Byerly and Marilyn Aronoff for their assistance.
Positional discrepancy, psychological discrepancy, and attitude change: Experimental tests of some mathematical modelsFootnote1The authors wish to thank G. Blake Armstrong, David D'AIessio, Joseph Woelfel, Lucy Johnson, Karen Byerly and Marilyn Aronoff for their assistance.
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.