Effects of evaluation, task structure, trait‐CA, and reticence on state‐CA and behavioral disruption in dyadic settings

References

• Arkin , R. 1981 . “ Self‐presentation styles ” . In Impression management theory and social psychological research , Edited by: Tedeschi , J.T. 311 – 333 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arkin , R. and Schumann , D. 1983 . Self‐presentation styles: The roles of cost orientation and shyness , Columbia : Department of Psychology, University of Missouri . Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Backlund , P. , Brown , D. , Gurry , J. and Jandt , F. 1982 . Recommendations for assessing speaking and listening skills . Communication Education , 31 : 9 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. and Carlile , L. 1971 . Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety . Speech Monographs , 38 : 65 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth‐Butterfield , S. and Gould , M. . A psychophysiological study of state and trait communication apprehension . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Central States Speech Association . Indianapolis.
   Google Scholar
• Booth‐Butterfield , S. and Gould , M. in press . The Communication Anxiety Inventory and the validity of state‐ and context‐communication apprehension . Communication Quarterly ,
   Google Scholar
• Brodt , S. and Zimbardo , P. 1981 . Modifying shyness‐related social behavior through symptom misattribution . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 437 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. 1976 . The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation . Communication Monographs , 43 : 60 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. and Koper , R. 1984 . Nonverbal and relational communication associated with reticence . Human Communication Research , 10 : 601 – 626 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappella , J. 1979 . Talk—silence sequences in informal conversations I . Human Communication Research , 6 : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Cappella , J. 1980 . Talk and silence sequences in informal conversations II . Human Communication Research , 6 : 130 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Chase , L. and Simpson , T. 1979 . Significance and substance: An examination of experimental effects . Human Communication Research , 5 : 351 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd ed. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cottrell , N. 1972 . “ Social facilitation ” . In Experimental social psychology , Edited by: McClintock , C. G. 185 – 236 . New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Daly , J. 1978 . The assessment of social‐communicative anxiety via self‐reports: A comparison of measures . Communication Monographs , 45 : 204 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , J. and Buss , A. 1984 . “ The transitory causes of audience anxiety ” . In Avoiding communication: Communication apprehension, reticence, and shyness , Edited by: Daly , J. and McCroskey , J. 67 – 78 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Douglas , W. 1983 . Scripts and self‐monitoring: When does being a high self‐monitor really make a difference? . Human Communication Research , 10 : 81 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , M. , Glaser , S. and Biglan , A. . The relevance of specific conversational behaviors to ratings of social skill: A review and experimental analysis . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . New York.
   Google Scholar
• Freimuth , V. 1976 . The effects of communication apprehension on communication effectiveness . Human Communication Research , 2 : 289 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Geen , R. and Gange , J. 1977 . Drive theory of social facilitation: Twelve years of theory and research . Psychological Bulletin , 54 : 1267 – 1288 .
   Google Scholar
• Goss , B. , Thompson , M. and Olds , S. 1978 . Behavioral support for systematic desensitization for communication apprehension . Human Communication Research , 4 : 158 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Greene , J. and Sparks , G. 1983 . Explication and test of a cognitive model of communication apprehension: A new look at an old construct . Human Communication Research , 9 : 349 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablin , F. and Sussman , L. 1978 . An exploration of communication and productivity in real brainstorming groups . Human Communication Research , 4 : 329 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Kasl , S. and Mahl , G. 1965 . The relationship of disturbances and hesitations in spontaneous speech to anxiety . Journal oj Applied Behavioral Analysis , 1 : 425 – 433 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. 1982 . A rose by any other name is still a rose: A comparative analysis of reticence, communication apprehension, unwillingness to communicate, and shyness . Human Communication Research , 8 : 99 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. , Phillips , G. and McKinney , B. 1982 . Reprise: Farewell reticence, good‐by apprehension . Communication Education , 31 : 211 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , M. 1983 . The conceptual distinctions are important: Another look at communication apprehension and related constructs . Human Communication Research , 10 : 305 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lustig , M. . Verbal reticence: A reconceptualization and preliminary scale development . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Lustig , M. and Grove , T. 1975 . Interaction analysis of small problem‐solving groups containing reticent and non‐reticent members . Western Speech Communication , 39 : 155 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahl , G. 1956 . Disturbances and silences in patients’ speech in psychotherapy . Journal oj Abnormal and Social Psychology , 53 : 1 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. 1977 . Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research . Human Communication Research , 4 : 78 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. 1980 . On communication competence and communication apprehension: A response to Page . Communication Education , 29 : 109 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. . Oral communication apprehension: Reconceptualization and a new look at measurement . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Central States Speech Association . Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. 1984 . “ Self‐report measurement ” . In Avoiding communication: Communication apprehension, reticence, and shyness , Edited by: Daly , J. and McCroskey , J. 81 – 94 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , M. and Cody , M. 1982 . Consequences of conversational silences . Human Communication Research , 8 : 317 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen , D. , Arntson , P. and Lustig , M. 1977 . The measurement of verbal predispositions: Scale development and application . Human Communication Research , 3 : 146 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. and Sherman , A. 1974 . Behavioral assessment of speech anxiety . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 60 : 134 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulac , A. and Wiemann , J. 1984 . “ Observer‐perceived communicator anxiety ” . In Avoiding communication , Edited by: Daly , J. and McCroskey , J. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , G.L. 1966 . Insight vs. desensitization in psychotherapy: An experiment in anxiety reduction , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , J. and Turner , L. . The Personal Report of Communication Apprehension: Predictive validity and behavioral correlates . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Communication Association . Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , J. and Jones , J. 1974 . Handbook of structured experiences for human relations training , Vol. 1 , La Jolla, CA : University Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. 1968 . Reticence: Pathology of the normal speaker . Speech Monographs , 35 : 39 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. 1977 . Rhetoritherapy versus the medical model: Dealing with reticence . Communication Education , 26 : 34 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. 1980 . On apples and onions: A reply to Page . Communication Education , 29 : 105 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. and Metzger , N. 1973 . The reticence syndrome: Some theoretical considerations about etiology and treatment . Speech Monographs , 40 : 220 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkonis , P. 1977 . The behavioral consequences of shyness . Journal of Personality , 45 : 596 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , D. 1974 . Self‐report scales of communication apprehension and autonomic arousal (heart rate): A test of construct validity . Speech Monographs , 41 : 267 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Porter , D. 1981 . An empirical appraisal of the PRCA for measuring oral communication apprehension . Human Communication Research , 8 : 58 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegman , A. and Pope , B. 1965 . Effects of question specificity and anxiety producing messages on verbal fluency in the initial interview . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 2 : 522 – 530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slivken , K. and Buss , A. 1984 . Misattribution and speech anxiety . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 396 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C. , Gorsuch , R. and Lushene , R. 1970 . STAI manual for the slate‐trait anxiety inventory , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Steffen , J. and Redden , J. 1977 . Assessment of social competence in an evaluation‐interaction analogue . Human Communication Research , 4 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Talley , M. and Richmond , V. 1980 . The relationship between psychological gender orientation and communicator style . Human Communication Research , 6 : 327 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. and Miller , F. 1971 . The drive theory of social facilitation . Psychological Review , 78 : 44 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiemann , J. 1977 . Explication and test of a model of communicative competence . Human Communication Research , 3 : 195 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiemann , J. 1981 . Effects of laboratory videotaping procedures on selected conversational behaviors . Human Communication Research , 7 : 302 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melanie Booth‐Butterfieldis Assistant Professor of Speech Communication, West Virginia University, and Steven Booth‐Butterfield is a doctoral student in speech communication at the same institution. This article is based on the dissertation of the first author, directed by Mary‐feannette Smythe, University of Missouri at Columbia. The authors appreciate the assistance of Robin Reese, Glenda Hoselton, and Karen LeNoir in data collection and coding.
   Google Scholar