Reconstructing <equality>: Culturetypal and counter‐cultural Rhetorics in the martyred black vision

References

• Anderson , J.D. 1978 . “ Black cultural equality in American education ” . In Equality and social policy , Edited by: Feinberg , W. 42 – 65 . Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aristotle . 1932 . The rhetoric of Aristotle , Edited by: Cooper , L. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Asante , M.K. 1987 . The Afrocentric view , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , D. 1976 . The cultural contradictions of capitalism , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , L.D. Jr. 1976 . What manner of man: A biography of Martin Luther King, Jr., , 4th ed. , Chicago : Johnson .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , T.W. 1974 . Rhetoric and autobiography: The case of Malcolm X . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 60 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , J. 1971 . The last days of Martin Luther King, Jr , New York : Putnam's Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Black , E. . The “vision” of Martin Luther King Literature as revolt and revolt as literature: Three studies in the rhetoric of non‐oratorical forms . Proceedings of the Fourth Annual University of Minnesota Spring Symposium in Speech Communication . May 3 1969 . pp. 7 – 16 . Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bosmajian , H. 1979 . The rhetoric of Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham jail.” . Midwest Quarterly , 27 : 46 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Branch , T. 1988 . Parting the waters: America in the Kingyears 1954–63 , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U. S. 483 (1954).
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , D.C. 1952 . Rhetoric: Its functions and its scope . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 39 : 401 – 424 .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1969 . A grammar of motives , Berkeley : University of California Press . (Original work published 1945).
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , F.C. 1970 . Voices of thunder, voices of rage: A symbolic analysis of Malcolm X's speech, “Message to the grass roots.” . Communication Education , 79 : 101 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Condit , C.M. 1990 . Decoding abortion rhetoric: Communicating social change , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Condit , C.M. 1987 . Democracy and civil rights: The universalizing influence of public argumentation . Communication Monographs , 54 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condit , C.M. and Lucaites , J.L. . Malcolm X: The limits of the rhetoric of revolutionary dissent . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . San Francisco. November ,
   Google Scholar
• Cox , J.R. 1989 . “ The fulfillment of time: King's “I have a dream” speech (August 28, 1963) ” . In Texts in context: Critical dialogues on significant episodes in American political rhetoric , Edited by: Leff , M.C. and Kauffeld , F.J. 181 – 204 . Davis, CA : Hermagoras .
   Google Scholar
• Cross , T. 1984 . The black power imperative: Racial equality and the politics of nonviolence , New York : Faulkner .
   Google Scholar
• Cruse , H. 1967 . The crisis of the Negro intellectual , New York : William Morrow .
   Google Scholar
• Eastland , T. and Bennett , W.J. 1979 . Counting by race: Equality from the founding fathers to Bakke and Weber , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Edmund , T. 1976 . Martin Luther King and the black American's protest movement in the USA , India : New Heights .
   Google Scholar
• Epps , A. , ed. 1968 . Malcolm X and the American Negro revolution: The speeches of Malcolm X , London : Peter Owen .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , S. 1970 . Power in the black community: A reader in racial subordination in the United States , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Flick , H. 1977 . An historical perspective on Malcolm X . North Carolina Journal of Speech and Drama , 11 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Fulkerson , R.P. 1979 . The public letter as a rhetorical form: Structure, logic, and style in King's “Letter from Birmingham jail.” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 65 : 121 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1979 . Central problems in social theory: Action, structure and contradiction in social analysis , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , P. 1981 . The pursuit of inequality , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , P. 1973 . The death and life of Malcolm X , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , P. 1982 . “ Malcolm X: Witness for the prosecution ” . In Black leaders of the twentieth century , Edited by: Franklin , J.H. and Meier , A. 305 – 330 . Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J.C. 1880 . Uncle Remus: His songs and his sayings Boston n.p.
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , S.P. 1981 . American politics: The promise of disharmony , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Illo , J. 1964 . The rhetoric of Malcolm X . Columbia University Forum , : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , J. 1984 . The rainbow coalition . Vital Speeches of The Day , November 15 : 77 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , B. 1976 . Who then will speak for the common good . Vital Speeches of The Day , August 15 : 645 – 646 .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , W. 1969 . White over black: American attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–7812 , Baltimore : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Karst , K. 1983 . Why equality matters . Georgia Law Review , 17 : 245 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Keele , L.A.M. 1972 . A Burkeian analysis of the rhetorical strategies of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr , University of Oregon . Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1964 . Why we can't wait , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1965 . “ The civil rights struggle in the United States today, delivered 21 April 1965 ” . In Supplement to The Record of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 20 25
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1986a . “ I have a dream ” . In A testament of hope: The essential writings of Martin Luther King, Jr , Edited by: Washington , J.M. 217 – 20 . New York : Harper and Row . (Originally presented 28 August 1963)
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1986b . “ Letter from Birmingham jail ” . In A testament of hope: The essential writings of Martin Luther King, Jr , Edited by: Washington , J.M. 289 – 302 . New York : Harper and Row . (Originally published 16 April 1963).
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1986c . “ Love, law, and civil disobedience ” . In A testament of hope: The essential writings of Martin Luther King, Jr , Edited by: Washington , J.M. 43 – 53 . New York : Harper and Row . (Originally presented 16 November, 1961)
   Google Scholar
• King , M.L. Jr. 1986d . “ Playboy interview, Martin Luther King, Jr ” . In A testament of hope: The essential writings of Martin Luther King, Jr , Edited by: Washington , J.M. 340 – 77 . New York : Harper and Row . (Originally published 1 January 1965).
   Google Scholar
• Kluegel , J.R. and Smith , R.E. 1986 . Beliefs about inequality: Americans’ views of what is and what ought to be , New York : Aldine De Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , L.W. 1977 . Black culture and black consciousness: Afro‐American folk thought from slavery to freedom , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D.A. 1978 . King: A biography , (2nd ed.) , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lomax , L.E. 1968 . To kill a black man , Los Angeles : Holloway House .
   Google Scholar
• Lucaites , J.L. 1984 . Flexibility and consistency in eighteenth‐century Anglo‐Whiggism: A case study of the rhetorical dimensions of Anglo‐ Whiggism , University of Iowa . Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966a . “ After the bombing ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 157 – 177 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 13 February 1965)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966b . “ At the Audobon ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 115 – 136 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 13 December 1964)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966c . “ The ballot or the bullet ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 23 – 44 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 3 April 1964)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966d . “ The Black revolution ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 45 – 57 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 8 April 1964)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966e . “ The Harlem ‘hate‐gang’ scare ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 64 – 71 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 29 May 1964)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966f . “ Message to the grass roots ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 3 – 22 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 9–10 November 1963)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966g . “ To Mississippi youth ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 137 – 146 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 31 December 1964)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1966h . “ Prospects for freedom in 1965 ” . In Malcolm X speaks , Edited by: Breitman , G. 147 – 156 . New York : Grove Press . (Originally presented 7 January 1965)
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1970a . “ The founding rally of the OAAU, June 28, 1964 ” . In By any means necessary , Edited by: Breitman , G. 33 – 68 . New York : Pathfinder Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1970b . “ An interview by A.B. Spellman, 28 June 1964 ” . In By any means necessary , Edited by: Breitman , G. 1 – 13 . New York : Pathfinder Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X. 1985 . “ A televised interview by K.B. Clark, June 1963 ” . In King, Malcolm, Baldwin , Edited by: Clark , K.B. 31 – 48 . Middleton, CN : Wesleyan University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , X and Haley , A. 1966 . The autobiography of Malcolm X , New York : Grove Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meier , A. and Rudwick , E. 1978 . From plantation to ghetto , New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Marable , M. 1984 . Race, reform and rebellion: The second reconstruction in black America, 1945–1982 , Jackson : University of Mississippi Press .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , M.C. 1980a . The “ideograph”: A link between rhetoric and ideology . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 66 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee , M.C. 1980b . The origins of “liberty”: A feminization of power . Communication Monographs , 47 : 23 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWilliams , W.C. 1986 . “ On equality as the moral foundation of community ” . In The moral foundations of the American republic , Edited by: Horowitz , R.I. 282 – 312 . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W.R. 1968 . Martin Luther King, Jr , New York : Weybright .
   Google Scholar
• Myrdall , G. 1972 . An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modem democracy , 2 Vols. , New York : Pantheon Books . (Originally published 1944).
   Google Scholar
• Oates , S.B. 1982 . Let the trumpet sound: The life of Martin Luther King, Jr , New York : New American Library .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , M. 1966 . Archetypal metaphor in rhetoric: The light‐dark family . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 53 : 115 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , M. 1976 . On rhetorical style , Chicago : Science Research Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , M. 1989 . “I've been to the mountaintop”: The critic as participant ” . In Texts in context: Critical dialogues on significant episodes in American political rhetoric , Edited by: Leff , M.C. and Kauffeld , F.J. 149 – 66 . Davis, CA : Hermagoras Press .
   Google Scholar
• Parsis , P. 1978 . Black leaders in conflict: Joseph H. Jackson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Adam Clayton Powerll, Jr , New York : Pilgrim Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pole , J.R. 1978 . The pursuit of equality in American history , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Railsback , C.C. 1983 . Beyond rhetorical relativism: A structural‐material model of truth and objective reality . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 69 : 351 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Railsback , C.C. 1984 . The contemporary American abortion controversy: Stages in the argument . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 70 : 410 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redenius , C. 1981 . The American ideal of equality: From Jefferson's Declaration to the Burger court , Port Washington, NY : Kennikat Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , W. 1981 . Equality , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , R.L. 1968 . Justifying violence: The rhetoric of black power . Central States Speech Journal , 19 : 96 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A.L. 1969 . Rhetoric of black revolution , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A.L. and Robb , S. 1971 . The voice of black rhetoric , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D.H. 1964 . Martin Luther King, Jr., rhetorician of revolt , University of Wisconsin‐Madison . Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D.H. 1968 . Martin Luther King, Jr.: In the beginning in Montgomery . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 34 : 8 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Snow , M. 1985 . Martin Luther King's “Letter from Birmingham jail” as Pauline epistle . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 77 : 318 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Verba , S. and Orren , G.R. 1985 . Equality in America: The view from the top , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walzer , M. 1983 . Spheres of justice: A defense of pluralism and equality , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Washington , J.M. , ed. 1986 . A testament of hope: The essential writings of Martin Luther King, Jr , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• White , J. 1985 . Black leadership in America, 1895–1968 , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , W.J. 1980 . The declining significance of race: Blacks and changing America , (2nd ed.) , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfenstein , E.V. 1981 . The victims of democracy: Malcolm X and the black revolution , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woodward , C.V. 1974 . The strange career of Jim Crow , (3rd ed.) , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar