Legitimation endeavors: Impression management strategies used by an organization in crisis

References

• Ashforth , B.E. and Gibbs , B.W. 1990 . The double‐edged sword of organizational legitimation . Organizational Science , 1 : 177 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babbie , E. 1986 . The practice of social research , (4th ed.) , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Bedeian , A.G. 1989 . Management , (2nd ed.) , Chicago : Dryden .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , J.K. 1975 . The interorganizational network as a political economy . Administrative Science Quarterly , 20 : 229 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulding , K. 1978 . “ The legitimacy of the business institution ” . In Rationality, legitimacy, responsibility: Search for new directions in business and society , Edited by: Epstein , E.M. and Votaw , D. 83 – 97 . Santa Monica, CA : Goodyear .
   Google Scholar
• Caillouet , R.H. 1991 . A quest for legitimacy: Impression management strategies used by an organization in crisis , Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Chatman , J.A. , Bell , N.E. and Staw , B.M. 1983 . “ The managed thought: The role of self‐justification and impression management in organizational settings ” . In The thinking organization , Edited by: Sims , H.P. Jr. and Gioia , D.A. 191 – 214 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , G. 1991 . Rhetoric in an organizational society: Managing multiple identities , Columbia : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , G. and McMillan , J.J. 1990 . Organizational rhetoric and the practice of criticism . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 18 : 93 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , G. and Vibbert , S.L. 1987 . “ Corporate discourse: Public relations and issues management ” . In Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective , Edited by: Jablin , F.M. , Putnam , L.L. , Roberts , K.H. and Porter , L.W. 165 – 194 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J.S. 1974 . Power and the structure of society , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J.S. 1990 . Foundations of social theory , Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Connolly , T. , Conlon , E.J. and Deutsch , S.J. 1980 . Organizational effectiveness: A multiple‐constituency approach . Academy of Management Review , 5 : 211 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Cutler , B.D. and Muehling , D.D. 1989 . Advocacy advertising and the boundaries of commercial speech . Journal of Advertising , 18 : 40 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggio , P.J. and Powell , W.W. 1991 . “ The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organization fields ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.A.V. and DiMaggio , P.J. 63 – 82 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dionisopoulos , G.N. and Crable , R.E. 1988 . Definitional hegemony as a public relations strategy: The rhetoric of the nuclear power industry after Three Mile Island . Central States Speech Journal , 39 : 134 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Dowling , J. and Pfeffer , J. 1975 . Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational behavior . Pacific Sociological Review , 18 : 122 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Dutton , J.E. and Dukerich , J.M. 1991 . Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation . Academy of Management Journal , 34 : 517 – 554 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsbach , K.D. and Sutton , R.I. 1992 . Acquiring organizational legitimacy through illegitimate actions: A marriage of institutional and impression management theories . Academy of Management Journal , 35 : 699 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , E.M. and Votaw , D. , eds. 1978 . Rationality, legitimacy, responsibility: Search for new directions in business and society , Santa Monica, CA : Goodyear .
   Google Scholar
• Fligstein , N. 1991 . “ The structural transformation of American industry: An institutional account of the causes of diversification in the largest firms, 1919–1979 ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 311 – 336 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friedland , R. and Alford , R.R. 1991 . “ Bringing society back in: Symbols, practices, and institutional contradictions ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 232 – 266 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fry , L.W. , Keim , G. and Meiners , R.E. 1982 . Corporate contributions: Altruistic or for profit . Academy of Management Journal , 25 : 94 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galaskiewicz , J. 1985 . Interorganizational relations . Annual Review of Sociology , 11 : 281 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner , W.L. and Martinko , M.J. 1988 . Impression management in organizations . Journal of Management , 14 : 321 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gephart , R.O. 1984 . Making sense of organizationally‐based environmental disasters . Journal of Management , 10 : 205 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1959 . The presentation of self in everyday life , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• Guetzkow , H. 1950 . Unitizing and categorizing problems in coding qualitative data . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 6 : 47 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1975 . Legitimation crisis , Edited by: McCarthy , T. Boston : Beacon .
   Google Scholar
• Heath , R.L. 1980 . Corporate advocacy: An application of speech communication perspectives and skills—and more . Communication Education , 29 : 370 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holsti , O.R. 1969 . Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E.E. 1964 . Ingratiation: A social psychological analysis , New York : Appleton .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E.E. , Gergen , K.J. and Jones , R.J. 1963 . Tactics of ingratiation among leaders and subordinates in a status hierarchy . Psychology Monographs , 77 ( 3 ) Whole No. 566
   Google Scholar
• Jones , E.E. and Pittman , T.S. 1982 . “ Toward a general theory of strategic self‐presentation ” . In Psychological perspective on the self , Edited by: Suls , J. 231 – 262 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Marcus , A.A. and Goodman , R.S. 1991 . Victims and shareholders: The dilemmas of presenting corporate policy during a crisis . Academy of Management Journal , 34 : 281 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.W. and Rowan , B. 1991 . “ Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.A.V. and DiMaggio , P.J. 41 – 62 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , G.C. 1986 . When it hits the fan: Managing the nine crises of business , New York : New American .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , R.H. and Cameron , K.S. 1982 . Coffin nails and corporate strategies , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Mills , C.W. 1940 . Situated actions and vocabularies of motive . American Sociological Review , 5 : 904 – 915 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzberg , H. 1983 . Power in and around organizations , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Mitroff , I.I. , Pauchant , T.C. and Shrivastava , P. 1988 . The structure of man‐made organizational crises: Conceptual and empirical issues in the development of a general theory of crisis management . Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 33 : 83 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , C. 1990 . Determinants of interorganizational relationships: Integration and future directions . Accdemy of Management Review , 15 : 241 – 265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orru , M. , Biggart , N.W. and Hamilton , G.G. 1991 . “ Organizational isomorphism in East Asia ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 361 – 389 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perrow , C. 1979 . Complex organizations: A critical essay , (2nd ed.) , Dallas : Scott, Foresman and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. and Salancik , G. 1978 . The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , W.W. 1991 . “ Expanding the scope of institutional analysis ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 183 – 203 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Praeger , A.J. and Cala , J.J. 1990 . Coexisting with regulators . Journal of Business Strategy , 11 (1) : 22 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlenker , B.R. 1980 . Impression management: The self‐concept, social identity, and interpersonal relations , Monterey, CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Schonbach , P. 1990 . Account episode: The management or escalation of conflict , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , M.B. and Lyman , S.M. 1968 . Accounts . American Sociological Review , 33 : 46 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , W.R. 1987 . The adolescence of institutional theory . Administrative Science Quarterly , 32 : 493 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , W.R. 1991 . “ Unpacking institutional arguments ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 164 – 182 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , W.R. and Meyer , J.W. 1991 . “ The organization of societal sectors: Propositions and early evidence ” . In The new institutionalism in organizational analysis , Edited by: Powell , W.W. and DiMaggio , P.J. 108 – 142 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Selznick , P. 1949 . TVA and the grass roots , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Singh , J.V. , Tucker , D.J. and House , R.J. 1986 . Organizational legitimacy and the liability of newness . Administrative Science Quarterly , 31 : 171 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , J.T. and Riess , M. 1981 . “ Identities, the phenomenal self, and laboratory research ” . In Impression management theory and social psychological research , Edited by: Tedeschi , J.T. 3 – 22 . New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi , J.T. , Schlenker , B.R. and Bonoma , T.V. 1971 . Cognitive dissonance: Private ratiocination or public spectacle . American Psychologist , 26 : 685 – 695 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wartick , S.L. and Rude , R.E. 1986 . Issue management: Corporate fad or corporate function? . California Management Review , 29 (1) : 124 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar