Argument in group decision making: Explicating a process model and investigating the argument‐outcome link

References

• Alderton , S.M. and Frey , L.R. 1983 . Effects of reactions to arguments on group outcomes: The case of group polarization . Central States Speech‐Journal , 34 : 88 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Alderton , S.M. and Frey , L.R. 1986 . “ Argumentation in small group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 157 – 174 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Antaki , C. 1994 . Explaining and arguing: The social organisation of accounts , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Auld , F. Jr. and White , A.M. 1956 . Rules for dividing interviews into sentences . Journal of Psychology , 42 : 273 – 281 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit , P.J. 1983 . Characteristics of arguing from a social actor's perspective . Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1983 . Edited by: Zarefsky , D. , Sillars , M.O. and Rhodes , J. pp. 544 – 559 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Billig , M. 1996 . Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology , (2nd ed.) , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brashers , D.E. . Consumer complaints as argument: Application of the structuration coding scheme . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Parson , D.W. pp. 147 – 153 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Brashers , D.E. , Adkins , M. and Meyers , R.A. 1994 . “ Argumentation in computer‐mediated decision making ” . In Communication in context: Studies of naturalistic groups , Edited by: Frey , L. 262 – 283 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Brashers , D.E. and Meyers , R.A. 1989 . Tag‐team argument and group decision‐making: A preliminary investigation . Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1989 . Edited by: Gronbeck , B.E. pp. 542 – 550 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Brossmann , B.G. and Canary , D.J. 1990 . An observational analysis of argument structures: The case of Nightline . Argumentation , 4 : 199 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. 1989 . Manual for coding conversational argument. , Athens, OH : Ohio University . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. , Brossmann , J.E. , Brossmann , B.G. and Weger , H. Jr. 1995 . Toward a theory of minimally rational argument: Analyses of episode‐specific effects of argument structures . Communication Monographs , 62 : 185 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. , Brossmann , B.G. and Seibold , D.R. 1987 . Argument structures in decision‐making groups . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 53 : 18 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. , Tanita‐Ratledge , N. and Seibold , D.R. 1982 . Argument and group decision‐making: Development of a coding scheme. . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . November 1982 , Louisville, KY.
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. and Sillars , A.L. 1992 . “ Argument in satisfied and dissatisfied married couples ” . In Readings in argumentation , Edited by: Benoit , W.L. , Hample , D. and Benoit , P.J. 737 – 764 . New York : Foris .
   Google Scholar
• Canary , D.J. , Weger , H. Jr. and Stafford , L. 1991 . Couples’ argument sequences and their associations with relational characteristics . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 55 : 159 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , J.H. 1973 . Group decision and social interaction: A theory of social decision schemes . Psychological Review , 80 : 97 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleiss , J.L. 1981 . Statistical methods for rates and proportions , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Garrett , D.E. and Meyers , R.A. 1991 . Interactive complaint communication: A reconceptualization of consumer complaint behavior . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1991 . Edited by: Parson , D.W. pp. 159 – 166 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Gebhardt , L.J. and Meyers , R.A. 1995 . Subgroup influence in decision‐making groups: Examining consistency from a communication perspective . Small Group Research , 26 : 147 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. 1984 . Communicative influences related to the Watergate coverup: The failure of collective judgment . Central States Speech Journal , 35 : 260 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. 1987 . The failure of argument in decisions leading to the Challenger Disaster: A two‐level analysis . Argument and critical practices: Proceedings of the fifth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1987 . Edited by: Wenzel , J.W. pp. 439 – 448 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. 1990 . “ Exploiting the predictive potential of structuration theory ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Anderson , J.A. Vol. 13 , 313 – 322 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. 1996 . “ Principles of counteractive influence in decision‐making and problem‐solving groups ” . In Small group communication: A reader , 7th ed. , Edited by: Cathcart , R.S. , Samovar , L.A. and Henman , L.D. 120 – 133 . Dubuque, IA : Brown & Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. 1997 . “ Effective versus ineffective decision making ” . In Managing group life: Communicating in decision‐making groups , Edited by: Frey , L.R. and Barge , J.K. 133 – 155 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. and Hirokawa , R.Y. 1986 . “ Counteractive functions of communication in effective group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 81 – 90 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gouran , D.S. , Hirokawa , R.Y. and Martz , A.E. 1986 . A critical analysis of factors related to decisional processes involved in the Challenger disaster . Central States Speech Journal , 37 : 119 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Hample , D. 1981 . The cognitive context of argument . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 45 : 148 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Hample , D. 1985 . A third perspective on argument . Philosophy and Rhetoric , 18 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harre , R. and Madden , E.H. 1975 . Causal powers: A theory of natural necessity , Oxford, , UK : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Harre , R. and Secord , P.F. 1973 . The explanation of social behavior , Totawa, NJ : Iittlefield, Adams .
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield , J.D. and Weider‐Hatfield , D. 1978 . The comparative utility of three types of behavioral units for interaction analysis . Communication Monographs , 45 : 44 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks , D. 1991 . A descriptive account of interpersonal argument . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1991 . Edited by: Parson , D.W. pp. 167 – 174 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hirokawa , R.Y. and Scheerhorn , D.R. 1986 . “ Communication in faulty group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 63 – 80 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L.R. 1979 . The group problem‐solving process: Studies of a valence model , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L.R. 1994 . Reply to McPhee . Human Communication Research , 21 : 64 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , L.R. and Kleinman , G.B. 1994 . Individual and group in group problem solving: The Valence Model redressed . Human Communication Research , 21 : 36 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante , D.A. and Rancer , A.S. 1982 . A conceptualization and measure of argumentativeness . Journal of Personality Assessment , 46 : 72 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante , D.A. , Wall , C.H. , Leap , C.J. and Danielson , K. 1984 . Verbal aggression as a function of the receiver's argumentativeness . Communication Research Reports , 1 : 33 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , S. 1989 . Speech acts and arguments . Argumentation , 3 : 345 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , S. and Jackson , S. 1981 . Argument as a natural category: The routine grounds for arguing in conversation . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 45 : 111 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , S. and Jackson , S. 1982 . “ Conversational argument: A discourse analytic approach ” . In Advances in argumentation theory and research , Edited by: Cox , J.R. and Willard , C.A. 205 – 237 . Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Janis , I.L. 1982 . Groupthink , (2nd ed.) , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Kogan , N. and Wallach , M.A. 1964 . Risk taking: A study in cognition and personality , New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff , K. 1980 . Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , R.E. and Lee , K.K. 1989 . Arguing persuasively , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R.W. and Scheerhorn , D.R. 1985 . What are conversational arguments? Toward a natural language user's perspective . Argument and social practice: Proceedings of the fourth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1985 . Edited by: Cox , J.R. , Sillars , M.O. and Walker , G.B. pp. 705 – 722 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Mayer , M.E. 1985 . Explaining choice shift: An effects coded model . Communication Monographs , 52 : 92 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , M.E. 1987 . “ Explaining choice shifts: A comparison of competing effects‐coded models ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: McLaughlin , M.L. Vol. 9 , 297 – 314 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McPhee , R.D. 1994 . Response to Hoffman and Kleinman . Human Communication Research , 21 : 60 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• McPhee , R.D. , Poole , M.S. and Seibold , D.R. 1982 . “ The valence model unveiled: Critique and alternative formulation ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Burgoon , M. Vol. 5 , 259 – 278 . New Brunswick, NJ : ICA‐Transaction .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. 1989a . Persuasive Arguments Theory: A test of assumptions . Human Communication Research , 15 : 357 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. 1989b . Testing Persuasive Argument Theory's predictor model: Alternative interactional accounts of group argument and influence . Communication Monographs , 56 : 112 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. 1997 . “ Social influence and argumentation ” . In Managing group life: Communicating in decision‐making groups , Edited by: Frey , L.R. and Barge , J.K. 183 – 201 . Boston, MA : Houghton‐Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. and Brashers , D. 1995 . Multi‐stage versus single‐stage coding of small group argument: A preliminary comparative assessment . Argumentation and values: Proceedings of the ninth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1995 . Edited by: Jackson , S. pp. 93 – 100 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. , Brashers , D.E. , Winston , L. and Grob , L. in press . Sex differences and group argument: A theoretical framework and empirical investigation . Communication Studies. ,
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. and Seibold , D.R. 1990a . “ Perspectives on group argument: A critical review of Persuasive Arguments Theory and an alternative structurational view ” . In Communication Yearbook , Edited by: Anderson , J. Vol. 13 , 268 – 302 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. and Seibold , D.R. 1990b . “ Persuasive arguments and group influence: Research evidence and strategic implications ” . In The psychology of tactical communication , Edited by: Cody , M.J. and McLaughlin , M.L. 136 – 159 . Clevedon, , UK : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers , R.A. , Seibold , D.R. and Brashers , D. 1991 . Argument in initial group decision‐making discussions: Refinement of a coding scheme and a descriptive quantitative analysis . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 55 : 47 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Moscovivi , S. 1980 . “ Toward a theory of conversion behavior ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 13 , 209 – 239 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moscovivi , S. , Lage , E. and Naffrechoux , M. 1969 . Influence of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a color perception test . Sociometry , 32 : 365 – 380 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray , E.J. 1956 . A content‐analysis method for studying psychotherapy . Psychological Monographs , 70 ( 420 ) : 13
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth , C. 1982 . “ Stability of faction position and influence ” . In Group decision making. , Edited by: Brandstätter , G.H. , Davis , J.H. and Stocker‐Kreichgauer , G. 185 – 213 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth , C. 1986 . Differential contributions of majority and minority influence . Psychological Review , 93 : 23 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth , C. and Wachtler , J. 1974 . Creating the perceptions of consistency and confidence: A necessary condition for minority influence . Sociometry , 37 : 529 – 540 .
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth , C. and Wachtler , J. 1983 . Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs. minority influence . European Journal of Social Psychology , 13 : 45 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , D. 1977 . Two concepts of argument . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 13 : 121 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , B.J. and Benoit , P.J. 1982 . “ Children's arguments ” . In Advances in argumentation theory and research , Edited by: Cox , J.R. and Willard , C.A. 154 – 183 . Carbondale, IL : Southern Illinois University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pace , R.C. 1985 . Patterns of argumentation in high and low consensus discussions . Argument and social practice: Proceedings of the fourth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1985 , Annandale, VA. Edited by: Cox , J.R. , Sillars , M.O. and Walker , G.B. pp. 770 – 781 . Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , M.S. and Doelger , J.A. 1986 . “ Developmental processes in group decision‐making ” . In Communication andgroup decision‐making , 1st ed. , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 35 – 62 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , M.S. and Hirokawa , R.Y. 1996 . “ Introduction: Communication and group decision making ” . In Communication andgroup decision making , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 3 – 18 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , M.S. , McPhee , R.D. and Seibold , D.R. 1982 . A comparison of normative and interactional explanations of group decision‐making: Social decision schemes versus valence distributions . Communication Monographs , 49 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , M.S. , Seibold , D.R. and McPhee , R.D. 1985 . Group decision‐making as a structurational process . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 71 : 74 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole , M.S. , Seibold , D.R. and McPhee , R.D. 1996 . “ The structuration of group decisions ” . In Communication and group decision making , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 114 – 146 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , L.L. , Wilson , S.R. , Waltman , M.S. and Turner , D. 1986 . The evolution of case arguments in teachers’ bargaining . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 23 : 63 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , B. 1983 . Argumentativeness: Its role in leadership perception and group communication . Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third SCA/AFA summer conference on argumentation . 1983 . Edited by: Zarefsky , D. , Sillars , M.O. and Rhodes , J. pp. 638 – 647 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , B. . The role of argumentativeness in the enhancement of the status of members of decision‐making groups . Spheres of argument: Proceedings of the sixth SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . Edited by: Gronbeck , B.E. pp. 558 – 562 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D.R. , Canary , D.J. and Ratledge , N.T. 1983 . Argument and group decision‐making: Interim report on a structurational research program. . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association . November 1983 , Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D.R. and Meyers , R.A. 1986 . “ Communication and influence in group decision‐making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 133 – 155 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D.R. , Meyers , R.A. and Sunwolf . 1996 . “ Communication and influence in group decision making ” . In Communication and group decision‐making , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Hirokawa , R.Y. and Poole , M.S. 242 – 268 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D.R. , Poole , M.S. and McPhee , R.D. 1980 . New directions in small group research. . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Central States Speech Association . April 1980 , Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D.R. , Poole , M.S. , McPhee , R.D. , Tanita , N.E. and Canary , D. J. 1981 . Argument, group influence, and decision outcomes . Dimensions of argument: Proceedings of the second SCA/AFA summer conference on argumentation . 1981 . Edited by: Ziegelmueller , C. and Rhodes , J. pp. 663 – 692 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stoner , J.A.F. 1968 . Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 4 : 442 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapp , R. 1986 . The role of disagreement in interactional argument . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 23 : 23 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Trapp , R. and Hoff , N. 1985 . A model of serial argument in interpersonal relationships . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 22 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Tsoukas , H. 1989 . The validity of idiographic research explanations . Academy of Management Review , 14 : 551 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Ven , A.H. and Poole , M.S. 1995 . Explaining development and change in organizations . Academy of Management Review , 20 : 510 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Eemeren , F.H. and Grootendorst , R. 1992 . Argumentation, communication, and fallacies: A pragma‐dialectical perspective , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Van Eemeren , F.H. , Grootendorst , R. , Jackson , S. and Jacobs , S. 1993 . Reconstructing argumentative discourse , Tuscaloosa, AL : University of Alabama Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van Eemeren , F.H. , Grootendorst , R. , Henkemans , F.S. , Blair , J.A. , Johnson , R.H. , Krabbe , E.C.W. , Plantin , C. , Walton , D.N. , Willard , C.A. , Woods , J. and Zarefsky , D. 1996 . Fundamentals of argumentation theory: A handbook of historical backgrounds and contemporary developments , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G.B. 1991 . Argument and conflict: Conceptual and empirical perspectives . Argument in controversy: Proceedings of the seventh SCA/AFA conference on argumentation . 1991 . Edited by: Parson , D.W. pp. 182 – 187 . Annandale, VA : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Walton , D.N. 1992 . Plausible argument in everyday conversation , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zaleska , M. 1978 . “ Some experimental results: Majority influence on group decisions ” . In Dynamics of group decisions , Edited by: Brandstatter , H. , Davis , J.H. and Schuler , H. 67 – 74 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar