Particle size determination of sunscreens formulated with various forms of titanium dioxide

References

• Maynard AD. (2006). Nanotechnology: The next big thing, or much ado about nothing?. Ann Occup Hyg, 51(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkethy MJ. (2003). Nanoparticles as building blocks? Materials Today, 6(12 Suppl. 1):36–42.
   Google Scholar
• Studt T. (2007). How safe are nanomaterials? R&D Magazine, March.
   Google Scholar
• ETC Group. (2003). No small matter II: The case for a global moratorium. Occasional Paper Series, Vol. 7, no. 1. Winnipeg, Canada: ETC Group.
   Google Scholar
• The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. (2004). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies. London, UK: The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas T, Thomas K, Sadrieh N, Savage N, Adair P, Bronaugh R. (2006). Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part VII: Evaluating consumer exposure to nanoscale materials. Toxicol Sci, 91(1):14–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood E. (2004). Nanotechnology: Looking as we leap. Environ Health Perspect, 112(13):A740–9.
   Google Scholar
• EPA Science Policy Council Nanotechnology Workgroup. (2007). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Nanotechnology White Paper. Washington, DC. February.
   Google Scholar
• Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. A Nanotechnology Consumer Products Inventory. http://www.nanotechproject.org/44 [August 10, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register. (2007). Sunscreen drug products for over-the‐counter human use. In: Proposed amendment of final monograph. Proposed rule, Vol. 72, no. 165 ( pp. 49110). Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services. (2007). Nanotechnology—A report of the U.S, Food and Drug Administration Nanotechnology Task Force. July 25.
   Google Scholar
• FDA Nanotechnology. http://www.fda.gov/nanotechnology/ [August 21, 2007].
   Google Scholar
• FDA and Nanotechnology Products Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.fda.gov/nanotechnology/faqs.html [August 20, 2007].
   Google Scholar
• Resnik DB, Tinkle SS. (2007). Ethical issues in clinical trials involving nanomedicine. Contemp Clin Trials, 28:433–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J. (2005). Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect, 113(7):823–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K, Castranova V, Fitzpatrick J, Ausman K, (2005). Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: Elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol, 2:8.
   Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. 21CFR352.10. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 352 Section 10. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm [August 13, 2007].
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register. (1999). Sunscreen drug products for over-the‐counter human use. Final monograph, Vol. 64 no. 98 ( pp. 27671). Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P, Spohn P, Grass RN, Limbach LK, al et. (2006). In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: Comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol, 40(14):4374–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzel F, Reinert T, Vogt J, Butz T. (2004). Investigations of percutaneous uptake of ultrafine TiO2 particles at the high energy ion nanoprobe LIPSON. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B, 219–20, 82–6.
   Google Scholar
• Little T, Lewis S, Lundquist P. (2007). Beneath the skin: Hidden liabilities, market risk, and drivers of change in the cosmetics and personal care products industry, Arlington, Virginia: Investor Environmental Health Network.
   Google Scholar
• Holsapple MP, Farland WH, Landry TD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Carter JM, Walker NJ, al et. (2005). Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part II: Toxicological and safety evaluation of nanomaterials, current challenges and data needs. Toxicol Sci, 88:12–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji JS, Maynard AD, Howard PC, James JT, Lam C, Warheit DB, al et. (2006). Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part IV. Risk assessment of nanoparticles. Toxicol Sci, 89:42–50.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf R, Wolf D, Morganti P, Ruocco V. (2001). Sunscreens. Clin Dermatol, 19(4):452–9.
   Google Scholar
• Powers KW, Brown SC, Krishna VB, Wasdo SC, Moudgil BM, Roberts SM. (2006). Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials. Part VI. Characterization of nanoscale particles for toxicological evaluation. Toxicol Sci, 90:296–303.
   Google Scholar
• BASF. Recommended formulations: Formulation 50/00159. http://www.cosmetics.basf.de/pdf/UV-Filter_Formulations.pdf [April 17, 2008].
   Google Scholar
• Degussa. (2005). Technical information No. 1243, Aeroxide® and Aeroperl® titanium dioxide as photocatalyst, December 5.
   Google Scholar
• BASF. (2005). Technical information Uvinul®, T-Lite^™, and Z-Cote® grades, May 24.
   Google Scholar
• BASF. (2005). T-Lite^™ microfine titanium dioxide: UV protection with nothing to hide.
   Google Scholar
• ISK. Titanium Dioxide TIPAQUE® CR-50. http://www20.inetba.com/ishiharacorpusa/item416078.ctlg [August 11, 2006].
   Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis (unpublished). Determining particle size of nano‐sized inorganic UV filters in commercially available sunscreens.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain HG. (2001). What is the ‘correct’ method to use for particle-size determination?. Pharm Technol, 25(7):96–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain HG. (2001). Representations of particle shape, size, and distribution. Pharmaceutical Technol, 25(12):38–45.
   Google Scholar
• Etzler FM. (2004). Particle size analysis: A comparison of methods. Am Pharm Rev, 7(1):104–8.
   Google Scholar
• H & M Analytical Services. (2002). Particle size and strain analysis by x-ray diffraction. http://www.h-and-m-analytical.com/pdfs/size_strain.pdf [May 28, 2007].
   Google Scholar
• Albretsen J, Hanna J, Baker I. (2006). Production and examination of nanocrystalline copper. August 17, 2006. http://engineering. dartmouth.edu/nanomaterials/albretsen.pdf [May 28, 2008].
   Google Scholar