Vision of bacterial ghosts as drug carriers mandates accepting the effect of cell membrane on drug loading

References

• Li T, Dong H, Zhang C, et al. Cell-based drug delivery systems for biomedical applications. Nano Res. 2018;11(10):5240–5257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierigè F, Serafini S, Rossi L, et al. Cell-based drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60(2):286–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudela P, Koller VJ, Lubitz W. Bacterial ghosts (BGs)-advanced antigen and drug delivery system . Vaccine. 2010;28(36):5760–5767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubitz P, Mayr UB, Lubitz M. Applications of bacterial ghosts in biomedicine. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2009;655:159–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youssof AME, Alanazi FK, Salem-Bekhit MM, et al. Bacterial ghosts carrying 5-fluorouracil: a novel biological carrier for targeting colorectal cancer. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2019;20(2):48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paukner S, Kohl G, Lubitz W. Bacterial ghosts as novel advanced drug delivery systems: antiproliferative activity of loaded doxorubicin in human Caco-2 cells. J Control Release. 2004;94(1):63–74. ‏
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Hao L, Liu X, et al. Enhanced anti-proliferative efficacy of epothilone B loaded with Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 bacterial ghosts on the HeLa cells by mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2018;44(8):1328–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad A, Champeimont J, Mayr UB, et al. Bacterial ghosts as carriers of protein subunit and DNA-encoded antigens for vaccine applications. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2012;11(1):97–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedmann EM, Lubitz W, McGrath J, et al. Effectiveness of engineering the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae antigen Omp26 as an S-layer fusion in bacterial ghosts as a mucosal vaccine delivery. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(suppl):99–S107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganeshpurkar A, Ganeshpurkar A, Pandey V, et al. Harnessing the potential of bacterial ghost for the effective delivery of drugs and biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm Investig. 2014;4(1):1–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein E, Inic-Kanada A, Belij S, et al. In vitro and in vivo uptake study of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 bacterial ghosts: cell-based delivery system to target ocular surface diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(9):6326–6333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraśko JA, Žilionytė K, Darinskas A, et al. Bacterial ghosts as adjuvants in syngeneic tumour cell lysate-based anticancer vaccination in a murine lung carcinoma model. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(1):171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabea S, Salem-Bekhit MM, Alanazi FK, et al. A novel protocol for bacterial ghosts' preparation using tween 80. Saudi Pharm J. 2018;26(2):232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JM. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimic Chemother. 2002;49(6):1049–1049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand I, Hilpert K, Hancock RE. Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances. Nat Protoc. 2008;3(2):163–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara AA, Salem-Bekh MM, Alanazi FK. Preparation of bacterial ghosts for E. coli JM109 using sponge-like reduced protocol. Asian J Biol Sci. 2013;6(8):363–369.
   Google Scholar
• Alsuwyeh AA, Alanazi F, Shakeel F, et al. Estimation of anti-neoplastic drug doxorubicin in bacterial ghost matrix by new “environmentally benign” RP-HPLC method: a step towards sustainable development of pharmaceutical industry. Arab J Sci Eng. 2018;43(1):181–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targan SR, Shanahan F, Karp LC. Inflammatory bowel disease: translating basic science into clinical practice. NJ, USA: Wiley; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Youssof AM, Salem-Bekhit MM, Shakeel F, et al. Analysis of anti-neoplastic drug in bacterial ghost matrix, w/o/w double nanoemulsion and w/o nanoemulsion by a validated 'green' liquid chromatographic method. Talanta. 2016;154:292–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasr M, Ghorab MK, Abdelazem A. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cubosomes containing 5-fluorouracil for liver targeting. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2015;5(1):79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huter V, Szostak MP, Gampfer J, et al. Bacterial ghosts as drug carrier and targeting vehicles. J Control Rel. 1999;61(1–2):51–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudela P, Paukner S, Mayr UB, et al. Effective gene transfer to melanoma cells using bacterial ghosts. Cancer Lett. 2008;262(1):54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walcher P, Cui X, Arrow JA, et al. Bacterial ghosts as a delivery system for zona pellucida-2 fertility control vaccines for brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Vaccine. 2008;26(52):6832–6838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara AA, Salem-Bekhit MM, Alanazi FK. Sponge-like: a new protocol for preparing bacterial ghosts. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:545741.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beveridge TJ. Structures of Gram-negative cell walls and their derived membrane vesicles. J Bacteriol. 1999;181(16):4725–4733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barria C, Malecki M, Arraiano CM. Bacterial adaptation to cold. Microbiology (Reading). 2013;159(Pt 12):2437–2443. ‏
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinensky M. Homeoviscous adaptation-a homeostatic process that regulates the viscosity of membrane lipids in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1974;71(2):522–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman B, Ross T. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica are protected against acetic acid, but not hydrochloric acid, by hypertonicity. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(11):3605–3610. ‏
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash S, Murthy PN, Nath L, et al. Kinetic modeling on drug release from controlled drug delivery systems. Acta Pol Pharm. 2010;67(3):217–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa P, Lobo JSM. Modeling and comparison of dissolution profiles. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2001;13(2):123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar