Transgenic plants for abiotic stress tolerance: current status

References

• Abebe , T , Guenzi , A C , Martin , B and Cushman , J C . 2003 . Tolerance of mannitol accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and salinity . Plant Physiol , 131 : 1748 – 1755 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad , R , Kim , M D , Back , K H , Kim , H S , Lee , H S , Kwon , S Y , Murata , N , Chung , W II and Kwak , S S . 2008 . Stress-induced expression of choline oxidase in potato plant chloroplasts confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative, salt, and drought stresses . Plant Cell Rep , 27 : 687 – 698 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcazar , R , Planas , J , Saxena , T , Zarza , X , Bortolotti , C , Cuevas , J , Bitrian , M , Tiburcio , A F and Altabella , T . 2010 . Putrescine accumulation confers drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the homologous arginine decarboxylase 2 gene . Plant Physiol Biochem , 48 : 547 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida , A M , Silva , A B , Araujo , S S , Cardoso , L A , Santos , D MJ , Torne , J M , Silva , J M , Paul , M J and Fevereiro , P S . 2007 . Responses to water withdrawal of tobacco plants genetically engineered with the AtTPS1 gene: a special reference to photosynthetic parameters . Euphytica , 154 : 113 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armengaud , P , Thiery , L , Buhot , N , March , G G and Savoure , A . 2004 . Transcriptional regulation of proline biosynthesis in Medicago truncatula reveals developmental and environmental specific features . Plant Physiol , 120 : 442 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf , M and Foolad , M R . 2007 . Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance . Environ Exp Bot , 59 : 206 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avonce , N , Leyman , B , Mascorro Gallardo , J O , van Dijck , P , Thevelein , J and Itturiaga , G . 2004 . The Arabidopsis trehalose-6-P synthase AtTPS1 gene is a regulator of glucose, abscisic acid, and stress signaling . Plant Physiol , 136 : 3649 – 3659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagni , N and Tassoni , A . 2001 . Biosynthesis, oxidation and conjugation of aliphatic polyamines in higher plants . Amino Acids , 20 : 301 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels , D and Hussain , SS . 2008 . Current status and implications of engineering drought tolerance in plants using transgenic approaches . CAB Rev Persp Agr Vet Sci Nutri Natu Sci , 3 : 020
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar-Mathur , P , Vadez , V and Shrama , K K . 2007 . Transgenic approaches for abiotic stress tolerance in plants: retrospect and prospects . Plant Cell Rep , 27 : 411 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar-Mathur , P , Vincent , V , Devi , M J , Lavanya , M , Vani , G and Sharma , K K . 2009 . Genetic engineering of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with the P5CSF129A gene for osmoregulation with implications on drought tolerance . Mol Breed , 23 : 591 – 606 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya , E and Rajam , M V . 2006 . Polyamine biosynthesis as a novel target for engineering crop plants for abiotic stress tolerance . J Plant Biol , 33 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Bohnert , H J and Jensen , R G . 1996 . Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants . Trends Biotechnol , 14 : 89 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohnert , H J and Shen , B . 1999 . Transformation and compatible solutes . Sci Hort , 78 : 237 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchereau , A , Aziz , A , Larher , F and Martin-Tanguy , J . 1999 . Polyamines and environmental challenges: recent development . Plant Sci , 140 : 103 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray , E A , Bailey-Serres , J and Weretilnyk , E . 2000 . “ Responses to abiotic stresses ” . In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants , Edited by: Buchanana , B B , Gruissem , W and Jones , R L . 1158 – 1249 . Rockville (MD) : American Society of Plant Physiologists .
   Google Scholar
• Bruni , F and Leopold , A C . 1992 . Cytoplasmic glass formation in maize embryos . Seed Sci Res , 2 : 251 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Capell , T , Bassie , L and Christou , P . 2004 . Modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in transgenic rice confers tolerance to drought stress . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 101 : 9909 – 9914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capell , T , Escobar , C , Liu , H , Burtin , D , Lepri , O and Christou , P . 1998 . Over-expression of oat arginine decarboxylase cDNA in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) affects normal development pattern in vitro and results in putrescine accumulation in transgenic plants . Theoret Appl Genet , 97 : 246 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglioni , P , Warner , D , Bensen , R J , Anstrom , D C , Harrison , J , Stoecker , M , Abad , M , Kumar , G , Salvador , S , D'ordine , R , Navarro , S , Back , S , Fernandes , M , Targolli , J , Dasgupta , S , Bonin , C , Luethy , M H and Heard , J E . 2008 . Bacterial RNA chaperones confer abiotic stress tolerance in plants and improved grain yield in maize under water limited conditions . Plant Physiol , 147 : 446 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaitanya , K V , Sundar , D , Jutur , P P and Reddy , R A . 2003 . Water stress effects on photosynthesis in different mulberry cultivars . Plant Growth Regul , 40 : 75 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaves , M M and Oliveira , M M . 2004 . Mechanisms underlying plant resistance to water deficits: prospects for water-saving agriculture . J Exp Bot , 55 : 2365 – 2384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C F , Li , Y W , Chen , Y , Bai , J R , Li , H , Zhu , Y F , Chen , S Y and Jia , X . 2004 . Saline tolerant white clover transformed with the betaine aldehyde dehyrogenase gene by Agrobacterium tumefaciens . Acta Genet Sin , 31 : 97 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , J B , Wang , S M , Jing , R L and Mao , X G . 2009 . Cloning the PvP5CS gene from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and its expression patterns under abiotic stresses . J Plant Physiol , 166 : 12 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , T H and Murata , N . 2002 . Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes . Curr Opin Plant Biol , 5 : 250 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , T H and Murata , N . 2008 . Glycine betaine: an effective protectant against abiotic stresses in plants . Trends Plant Sci , 13 : 499 – 505 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , L , Zou , Y , Ding , S , Zhang , J , Yu , X , Cao , J and Lu , G . 2009 . Polyamine accumulation in transgenic tomato enhances the tolerance to high temperature stress . J Integr Plant Biol , 51 : 489 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnusamy , V , Jagendorf , A and Zhu , J K . 2005 . Understanding and improving salt tolerance in plants . Crop Sci , 45 : 437 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claussen , W . 2005 . Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants . Plant Sci , 168 : 241 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortina , C and Culiáñez-Maciá , F . 2005 . Tomato abiotic stress enhanced tolerance by trehalose synthesis . Plant Sci , 169 : 75 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe , J H , Carpenter , J F and Crowe , L M . 1998 . The role of vitrification in anhydrobiosis . Annu Rev Physiol , 60 : 73 – 103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe , J H , Hoekstra , F A and Crowe , L M . 1992 . Anhydrobiosis . Annu Rev Physiol , 54 : 579 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta , S K . 2002 . Recent developments in transgenics for abiotic stress tolerance in rice . JIRCAS Working Report , Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) p. 431–53
   Google Scholar
• Davies , P J . 2004 . “ The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence and function ” . In Plant Hormones, Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action , Edited by: Davies , P J . 1 – 15 . Dordrecht (The Netherlands) : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Delauney , A J and Verma , DPS . 1993 . Proline biosynthesis and osmoregulation in plants . Plant J , 4 : 215 – 223 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRonde , JAD , Cress , W A , Krugerd , GHJ , Strasserd , R J and Van Staden , J . 2004 . Photosynthetic response of transgenic soybean plants, containing an Arabidopsis P5CS gene, during heat and drought stress . J Plant Physiol , 161 : 1211 – 1224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörffling , K , Schulenburg , S , Lesselich , G and Dörffling , H . 1990 . Abscisic acid and proline levels in cold hardened winter wheat leaves in relation to variety-specific differences in freezing resistance . J Agron Crop Sci , 165 : 230 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebskamp , MJM , van der Meer , I M , Spronk , B A , Weisbeek , P J and Smeekens , SJM . 1994 . Accumulation of fructose polymers in transgenic tobacco . Biotechnology , 12 : 272 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einset , J and Connolly , E L . 2009 . Glycine betaine enhances extra cellular processes blocking ROS signaling during stress . Plant Signal Behav , 4 : 197 – 199 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Einset , J , Winge , P and Bones , A M . 2007 . ROS signaling pathway in chilling stress . Plant Signal Behav , 2 : 365 – 367 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Einset , J , Winge , P , Bones , A M and Connolly , E L . 2008 . The FRO2 ferric reductase is required for glycine betaine's effect on chilling tolerance in Arabidopsis roots . Plant Physiol , 134 : 334 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flowers , T J . 2004 . Improving crop salt tolerance . J Exp Bot , 55 : 307 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschetti , M , Fornale , S , Tassoni , A , Zuccherelli , K , Mayer , M J and Bagni , N . 2004 . Effects of spermidine synthase over-expression on polyamine biosynthetic pathway in tobacco plants . J Plant Physiol , 161 : 989 – 1001 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschetti , M , Hanfrey , C , Scaramagli , S , Torrigiani , P , Bagni , N , Burtin , D and Michael , A J . 2001 . Characterization of monocot and dicot plant S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase gene families including identification in the mRNA of a highly conserved pair of upstream overlapping open reading frames . J Biochem , 353 : 403 – 409 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita , T , Maggio , A , Garcia-Rios , M , Bressan , R A and Csonka , L N . 1998 . Comparative analysis of the regulation of expression and structures of two evolutionarily divergent genes from Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase from tomato . Plant Physiol , 118 : 661 – 674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galston , A W . 2001 . Plant biology: retrospect and prospect . Curr Sci , 80 : 143 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg , A K , Kim , J-K , Owens , T G , Ranwala , A P , Choi , Y D , Kochian , L V and Wu , R J . 2002 . Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 99 : 15898 – 15903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge , C , Cui , X , Wang , Y , Hu , Y , Fu , Z , Zhang , D , Cheng , Z and Li , J . 2006 . BUD2, encoding an S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, is required for Arabidopsis growth and development . Cell Res , 16 : 446 – 456 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge , L F , Chao , D Y , Shi , M , Zhu , M Z , Gao , J P and Lin , H X . 2008 . Over-expression of the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene OsTPP1 confers stress tolerance in rice and results in activation of stress responsive genes . Planta , 228 : 191 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , S S and Tuteja , N . 2010 . Polyamines and abiotic stress tolerance in plants . Plant Signal Behav , 5 : 26 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginzberg , I , Stein , H , Kapulink , Y , Szabados , L , Strizhov , H , Schnell , J , Koncz , C and Zilberstein , A . 1998 . Isolation and characterization of two different cDNAs of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase in alfalfa, transcriptionally induced upon salt stress . Plant Mol Biol , 38 : 755 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddijn , O and Smeekens , S . 1998 . Sensing trehalose biosynthesis in plants . Plant J , 14 : 143 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddijn , O JM and van Dun , K . 1999 . Trehalose metabolism in plants . Trends Plant Sci , 4 : 315 – 319 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goddijn , OJM , Verwoerd , T C , Voogd , E , Krutwagen , RWHH , de Graaf , PTHM , Poels , J , Van Dun , K , Ponstein , A S , Damm , B and Pen , J . 1997 . Inhibition of trehalase activity enhances trehalose accumulation in transgenic plants . Plant Physiol , 113 : 181 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubiš , J , Vaňková , R , Červená , V , Dragúňová , M M , Hudcovicová , M , Lichtnerová , H T , Dokupil , T and Jureková , Z . 2007 . Transformed tobacco plants with increased tolerance to drought . South Afr J Bot , 73 : 505 – 511 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , Y , Zhang , L , Ziao , G , Cao , S Y , Cu , D M , Tian , W Z and Shouyi , C . 1997 . Expression of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene and salinity tolerance in rice transgenic plants . Sci China Ser , 40 : 496 – 501 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , S E , Park , S R , Kwon , H B , Yi , B Y , Lee , G B and Byun , M O . 2005 . Genetic engineering of drought-resistant tobacco plants by introducing the trehalose phosphorylase (TP) gene from Pleurotus sajor-caju . Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult , 82 : 151 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzawa , Y , Imai , A , Michael , A J , Komeda , Y and Takahashi , T . 2002 . Characterization of the spermidine synthase-related gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana . FEBS Lett , 527 : 176 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzawa , Y , Takahashi , T and Komeda , Y . 1997 . ACL5: an Arabidopsis gene required for internodal elongation after flowering . Plant J , 12 : 863 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanzawa , Y , Takahashi , T , Michael , A J , Burtin , D , Long , D , Pineiro , M , Coupland , G and Komeda , Y . 2000 . ACAULIS5, an Arabidopsis gene required for stem elongation, encodes a spermine synthase . EMBO J , 19 : 4248 – 4256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa , P M , Bressan , R , Zhu , J K and Bohnert , H J . 2000 . Plant cellular and molecular responses to high salinity . Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol , 51 : 463 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry , GAF and Wallace , R K . 1993 . “ The origin, distribution, and evolutionary significance of fructans ” . In Science and Technology of Fructans , Edited by: Suzuki , M and Chatterton , N J . 119 – 139 . Boca Raton (FL) : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holmberg , N and Bülow , L . 1998 . Improving stress tolerance in plants by gene transfer . Trends Plant Sci , 3 : 61 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölmström , K-O , Mäntylä , E , Welin , B , Mandal , A , Palva , E T , Tunnela , O E and Londesborough , J . 1996 . Drought tolerance in tobacco . Nature , 379 : 683 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong , Z L , Lakkineni , K , Zhang , Z M and Verma , DPS . 2000 . Removal of feedback inhibition of delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress . Plant Physiol , 122 : 1129 – 1136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , C AA , Delauney , A J and Verma , D PS . 1992 . A bifunctional enzyme (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) catalyzes the first two steps in praline biosynthesis in plants . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 89 : 9354 – 9358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , J , Hirji , R , Adam , L , Roazwadowski , K L , Hammerlindi , J K , Keller , W A and Selvaraj , G . 2000 . Genetic engineering of glycinebetaine production towards enhancing stress tolerance in plants: metabolic limitations . Plant Physiol , 122 : 747 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummel , I , Gouesbet , G , El Amrani , A , Ainouche , A and Couee , I . 2004 . Characterization of the two arginine decarboxylase (polyamine biosynthesis) paralogues of the endemic subantarctic cruciferous species Pringlea antiscorbutica and analysis of their differential expression during development and response to environmental stress . Gene , 342 : 199 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain , M , Farooq , M , Jabran , K , Rehman , H and Akram , M . 2008 . Exogenous glycinebetaine application improves yield under water limited conditions in hybrid sunflower . Arch Agron Soil Sci , 54 : 557 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Igarashi , K and Kashiwagi , K . 2000 . Polyamines: mysterious modulators of cellular functions . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 271 : 559 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igarashi , Y , Yoshiba , Y , Sanada , Y , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K , Wada , K and Shinozaki , K . 1997 . Characterization of the gene Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase and correlation between the expression of the gene and salt tolerance in Oryza sativa L . Plant Mol Biol , 33 : 857 – 865 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai , R , Ali , A , Pramanik , H R , Nakaminami , K , Sentoku , N and Kato , H . 2004 . A distinctive class of spermidine synthase is involved in chilling response in rice . J Plant Physiol , 161 : 883 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iturriaga , G , Gaff , G F and Zentella , R . 2000 . New desiccation tolerant plants, including a grass in the central highlands of Mexico, accumulate trehalose . Aust J Bot , 48 : 153 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer , S and Caplan , A . 1998 . Products of praline catabolism can induce osmotically regulated genes in rice . Plant Physiol , 116 : 203 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain , R K and Selvaraj , G . 1997 . Molecular genetic improvement of salt tolerance in plants . Annu Rev Biotechnol , 3 : 245 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Jang , I C , Oh , S J , Seo , J S , Choi , W B , Song , S I , Kim , C H , Kim , Y S , Seo , H-S , Choi , Y D , Nahm , B H and Kim , J-K . 2003 . Expression of a bifunctional fusion of the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphate in transgenic rice plants increases trehalose accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance without stunting growth . Plant Physiol , 131 : 516 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowitz , T , Kneifel , H and Piotrowski , M . 2003 . Identification and characterization of plant agmatine iminohydrolase, the last missing link in polyamine biosynthesis of plants . FEBS Lett , 544 : 258 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakas , B , Ozias-Akins , P , Stushnoff , C , Suefferheld , M and Rieger , M . 1997 . Salinity and drought tolerance of mannitol-accumulating transgenic plants . Plant Cell Environ , 20 : 609 – 616 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karim , S , Aronsson , H , Ericson , H , Pirhonen , M , Leyman , B , Welin , B , Mantyla , E , Palva , E T , van Dijck , P and Holstrom , K O . 2007 . Improved drought tolerance without undesired side effects in transgenic plants producing trehalose . Plant Mol Biol , 64 : 371 – 386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasukabe , Y , He , L , Nada , K , Misawa , S , Ihara , I and Tachibana , S . 2004 . Overexpression of spermidine synthase enhances tolerance to multiple environmental stresses and up-regulates the expression of various stress-regulated genes in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Cell Physiol , 45 : 712 – 722 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasukabe , Y , He , L , Watakabe , Y , Otani , M , Shimada , T and Tachibana , S . 2006 . Improvement of environmental stress tolerance of sweet potato by introduction of genes for spermidine synthase . Plant Biotechnol , 23 : 75 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Kathuria , H , Giri , J , Nataraja , K N , Murata , N , Udayakumar , M and Tyagi , A K . 2009 . Glyvinebetaine-induced water stress tolerance in codA-expressing transgenic indica rice is associated with up-regulation of several stress responsive genes . Plant Biotechnol J , 7 : 512 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathuria , H , Giri , J , Tyagi , H and Tyagi , A K . 2007 . Advances in transgenic rice biotechnology . Crit Rev Plant Sci , 26 : 65 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishor , P BK , Hong , Z , Miao , G H , Hu , C AA and Verma , D PS . 1995 . Overexression of delta 1-pyrroline-5carboxylate synthetase increases proline production and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants . Plant Physiol , 108 : 1387 – 1394 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knipp , G and Honermeier , B . 2006 . Effect of water stress on proline accumulation of genetically modified potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) generating fructans . J Plant Physiol , 163 : 392 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn , G D and Phillips , G C . 2005 . Roles of polyamines in apoptosis and other recent advances in plant polyamines . Crit Rev Plant Sci , 24 : 123 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , S , Dhingra , A and Daniell , H . 2004 . Plastid-expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in carrot cultured cells, roots, and leaves confer enhanced salt tolerance . Plant Physiol , 136 : 2843 – 2854 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , S G , Reddy , A M and Sudhakar , C . 2003 . NaCl effects on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of mulberry (Morus alba L.) with contrasting salt tolerance . Plant Sci , 165 : 1245 – 1251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar , S V , Sharma , M L and Rajam , M V . 2006 . Polyamine biosynthetic pathway as a novel target for potential applications in plant biotechnology . Physiol Mol Biol Plant , 12 : 13 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , V , Shriram , V , Kavi , Kishor PB , Jawali , N and Shitole , M G . 2010 . Enhanced proline accumulation and salt stress tolerance of transgenic indica rice by overexpressing P5CSF129A gene . Plant Biotechnol Rep , 4 : 37 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumria , R and Rajam , M V . 2002 . Ornithine decarboxylase transgene in tobacco affects polyamine metabolism, in vitro morphogenesis and response to salt stress . J Plant Physiol , 159 : 983 – 990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , K S , Choi , W Y , Ko , J C , Kim , T S and Gregorio , G B . 2003 . Salinity tolerance of japonica and indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) at the seedling stage . Planta , 216 : 1043 – 1046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , J H , Nada , K , Honda , C , Kitashiba , H , Wen , X P , Pang , X M and Moriguchi , T . 2006 . Polyamine biosynthesis of apple callus under salt stress: importance of arginine decarboxylase pathway in stress response . J Exp Bot , 57 : 2589 – 2599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston , D P III , Hincha , D K and Heyer , A G . 2009 . Fructan and its relationship to abiotic stress tolerance in plants . Cell Mol Life Sci , 66 : 2007 – 2023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv , S , Yang , A , Zhang , K , Wang , L and Zhang , J . 2007 . Increase of glycinebetaine synthesis improves drought tolerance in cotton . Mol Breed , 20 : 233 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma , R , Zhang , M , Li , B , Du , G , Wang , J and Chen , J . 2005 . The effects of endogenous Ca2+ on endogenous polyamine levels and drought-resistant traits of spring wheat grown under arid conditions . J Arid Environ , 63 : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiale , S , Sanchez , D H , Guirda , A , Vidal , A and Ruiz , O . 2004 . Spermine accumulation under salt stress . J Plant Physiol , 161 : 35 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg , R L , Watson , M B , Galloway , G L and Yu , W . 1998 . Molecular genetic analysis of plant polyamines . Crit Rev Plant Sci , 17 : 199 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mani , S , van de Cotte , B , Montagu , M and Verbruggen , N . 2002 . Altered levels of proline dehydrogenase cause hypersensitivity to praline and its analogs in Arabidopsis . Plant Physiol , 128 : 73 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCue , K F and Hanson , A D . 1990 . Drought and salt tolerance: toward understanding and application . Trends Biotechnol , 8 : 358 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , S D , Nuccio , M L and Hanson , A D . 1999 . Betaines and related osmoprotectants. Targets for metabolic engineering of stress resistance . Plant Physiol , 120 : 945 – 949 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , S D , Nuccio , M L , Rhodes , D , Shachar-Hill , Y and Hanson , A D . 2000 . Radiotracer and computer modeling evidence that phosphobase methylation in the main route of choline synthesis in tobacco . Plant Physiol , 123 : 371 – 380 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil , S D , Nuccio , M L , Ziemak , M J and Hanson , A D . 2001 . Enhanced synthesis of choline and glycine betaine in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 98 : 10001 – 10005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda , J A , Avonce , N , Suarez , R , Thevelein , J M , Dijck , P V and Iturriaga , G . 2007 . A bifunctional TPS–TPP enzyme from yeast confers tolerance to multiple and extreme abiotic conditions in transgenic Arabidopsis . Planta , 226 : 1411 – 1421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanty , A , Kathuria , H , Ferjani , A , Sakamoto , A , Mohanty , P , Murata , N and Tyagi , A K . 2002 . Transgenic of an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati 1 harbouring the codA gene is highly tolerant to salt stress . Theor Appl Genet , 106 : 51 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinari , H BC , Marur , C J , Daros , E , de Campos , MKF , Rodrigues , J F , de , Carvalho P , Filho , J CB , Pereira , L FP and Vieira , L GE . 2007 . Evaluation of the stress-inducible production of proline in transgenic sugarcane (Saccharum spp.): osmotic adjustment, chlorophyll fluorescence and oxidative stress . Plant Physiol , 130 : 218 – 229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinari , H BC , Marur , C J , Filho , J CB , Kobayashi , A K , Pileggi , M , Junior , R PL , Pereira , L FP and Vieira , L GE . 2004 . Osmotic adjustment in transgenic citrus rootstock Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) overproducing proline . Plant Sci , 167 : 1375 – 1381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura , T , Yokota , S , Muramoto , Y , Tsutsui , K , Oguri , Y , Fukui , K and Takabe , T . 1997 . Expression of a betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in rice, a glycine betaine nonaccumulator, and possible localization of its protein in peroxisomes . Plant J , 11 : 1115 – 1120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanjo , T , Fujita , M , Seki , M , Kato , T , Tabata , S and Shinozaki , K . 2003 . Toxicity of free proline revealed in an Arabidopsis T-DNA-tagged mutant deficient in proline dehydrogenase . Plant Cell Physiol , 44 : 541 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanjo , T , Kobayashi , M , Yoshiba , Y , Kakubari , Y , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K and Shinozaki , K . 1999 . Antisense suppression of praline degradation improves to freezing and salinity in Arabidopsis thaliana . FEBS Lett , 461 : 205 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuccio , M L , McNeil , S D , Ziemak , M J , Hanson , A D , Jain , R K and Selvaraj , G . 2000 . Choline import into chloroplasts limits glycine betaine synthesis in tobacco: analysis of plants engineered with a chloroplastic or a cytosolic pathway . Metab Eng , 2 : 300 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuccio , M L , Rhodes , D , McNeil , S D and Hanson , A D . 1999 . Metabolic engineering of plants for osmotic stress resistance . Curr Opin Plant Biol , 2 : 128 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuccio , M L , Russell , B L , Nolte , K D , Rathinasabapathi , B , Gage , D A and Hanson , A D . 1998 . The endogenous choline supply limits glycine betaine synthesis in transgenic tobacco expressing choline monooxygenase . Plant J , 16 : 487 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papageorgiou , G C and Murata , N . 1995 . The unusually strong stabilizing effects of glycinebetaine on the structure and function of oxygen-evolving photosystem II complex . Photosynth Res , 44 : 243 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , E J , Jeknic , Z , Pino , M T , Murata , N and Chen , T HH . 2007 . Glycinebetaine accumulation is more effective in chloroplasts than in the cytosol for protecting transgenic tomato plants against abiotic stress . Plant Cell Environ , 30 : 994 – 1005 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , E J , Jeknic , Z , Sakamoto , A , Denoma , Y , Yawansiri , R , Murata , N and Chen , T HH . 2004 . Genetic engineering of glycine betaine synthesis in tomato protects seeds, plants, and flowers from chilling damage . Plant J , 40 : 474 – 487 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , J M , Primavesi , L F , Jhurreea , D and Zhang , Y . 2008 . Trehalose metabolism and signaling . Annu Rev Plant Biol , 59 : 417 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , M . 2007 . Trehalose-6-phosphate . Curr Opin Plant Biol , 10 : 303 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penna , S . 2003 . Building stress tolerance through over-producing trehalose in transgenic plants . Trends Plant Sci , 8 : 355 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peremarti , A , Bassie , L , Christou , P and Capell , T . 2009 . Spermine facilitates recovery from drought but does not confer drought tolerance in transgenic rice plants expressing Datura stramonium S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase . Plant Mol Biol , 70 : 253 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon-Smits , E AH , Ebskamp , M JM , Paul , M J , Jeuken , M JW , Weisbeek , P J and Smeekens , S CM . 1995 . Improved performance of transgenic fructan-accumulating tobacco under drought stress . Plant Physiol , 107 : 125 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon-Smits , E AH , Terry , N , Sears , T , Kim , H , Zayed , A , Hwang , S , Van Dun , K , Voogd , E , Verwoerd , T C , Krutwagen , R WHH and Giddijn , J M . 1998 . Trehalose-producing transgenic tobacco plants show improved growth performance under drought stress . J Plant Physiol , 152 : 525 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilon-Smits , E AH , Terry , N , Sears , T and van , Dunn K . 1999 . Enhanced drought resistance in fructan-producing sugar beet . Plant Physiol Biochem , 37 : 313 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhavathi , V R and Rajam , M V . 2007 . Polyamine accumulation in transgenic eggplant enhances tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses and fungal resistance . Plant Biotechnol , 24 : 273 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhavathi , V R , Yadav , J S , Kumar , P A and Rajam , M V . 2002 . Abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by introduction of bacterial mannitol phosphodehydrogenase gene . Mol Breed , 9 : 137 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan , R , Shang , M , Zhang , H , Zhao , Y and Zhang , J . 2004a . Engineering of enhanced glycine betaine synthesis improves drought tolerance in maize . Plant Biotechnol J , 2 : 477 – 486 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan , R , Shang , M , Zhang , H , Zhao , Y and Zhang , J . 2004b . Improved chilling tolerance by transformation with beta gene for the enhancement of glycinebetaine synthesis in maize . Plant Sci , 166 : 141 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajam , M V . 1997 . “ Polyamines ” . In Plant Ecophysiology , Edited by: Prasad , M NV . 343 – 374 . New york : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Rajam , M V , Dagar , S , Waie , B , Yadav , J S , Kumar , P A , Shoeb , F and Kumria , R . 1998 . Genetic engineering of polyamine and carbohydrate metabolism for osmotic stress tolerance in higher plants . J Biosci , 23 : 473 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , D and Hanson , A D . 1993 . Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants . Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol , 44 : 357 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero , C , Bellés , J M , Vayá , J L , Serrano , R and Culiáñez-Macià , F A . 1997 . Expression of the yeast trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene in transgenic tobacco plants: pleiotropic phenotypes includedrought tolerance . Planta , 201 : 293 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rontein , D , Basset , G and Hanson , A D . 2002 . Metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant accumulation in plants . Metab Eng , 4 : 49 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosens , N H , Al Bitar , F , Loenders , K , Angenon , G and Jacob , M . 2002 . Overexpression of ornithine-delta-aminotransferase increaees proline biosynthesis and confers osmotolerance in transgenic plants . Mol Breed , 9 : 73 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , M and Wu , R . 2001 . Arginine decarboxylase transgene expression and analysis of environmental stress tolerance in transgenic rice . Plant Sci , 160 : 869 – 875 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , M and Wu , R . 2002 . Overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine enhances sodium chloride-stress tolerance . Plant Sci , 163 : 987 – 992 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , P , Niyogi , K , Sen Gupta , DN and Ghosh , B . 2005 . Spermidine treatment to rice seedlings recovers salinity stress-induced damage of plasma membrane and PM-bound-H+-ATPase in salt tolerant and salt-sensitive rice cultivars . Plant Sci , 168 : 583 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , A and Murata , N . 2000 . Genetic engineering of glycinebetaine synthesis in plants: current status and implications for enhancement of stress tolerance . J Exp Bot , 51 : 81 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , A and Murata , N . 2001 . The use of choline oxidase, a glycinebetaine-synthesizing enzyme, to create stress resistant transgenic plants . Plant Physiol , 125 : 180 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , A , Alia and Murata , N . 1998 . Metabolic engineering of rice leading to biosynthesis of glycine betaine and tolerance to salt and cold . Plant Mol Biol , 38 : 1011 – 1019 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto , A , Valverde , R , Alia , Chen , T HH and Murata , N . 2000 . Transformation of Arabidopsis with the codA gene for choline oxidase enhances freezing tolerance of plants . Plant J , 22 : 449 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawahel , W A and Hassan , A H . 2002 . Generation of transgenic wheat plants producing high levels of osmoprotectant proline . Biotechnol Lett , 24 : 721 – 725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki , M , Umezawa , T , Urano , K and Shinozaki , K . 2007 . Regulatory metabolic networks in drought stress responses . Curr Opin Plant Biol , 10 : 296 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serraj , R and Sinclair , T R . 2002 . Osmolyte accumulation: can it really help increase crop yield under drought conditions? . Plant Cell Environ , 25 : 333 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , B , Jensen , R G and Bohnert , H J . 1997 . Increased resistance to oxidative stress in transgenic plants by targeting mannitol biosynthesis to chloroplasts . Plant Physiol , 113 : 1177 – 1183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen , Y G , Du , B X , Zhang , W K , Zhang , J S and Chen , S Y . 2002 . AhCMO, regulated by stresses in Atriplex hortensis, can improve drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco . Theor Appl Genet , 105 : 815 – 821 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheveleva , E V , Chmara , W , Bohnert , H J and Jensen , R G . 1997 . Increased salt and drought tolerance by d-ononitol production in transgenic Nicotiana tabacumL . Plant Physiol , 115 : 1211 – 1219 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheveleva , E V , Marquez , S , Chmara , W , Zegeer , A , Jensen , R G and Bohnert , H J . 1998 . Sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in transgenic tobacco. High amounts of sorbitol lead to necrotic lesions . Plant Physiol , 117 : 831 – 839 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinozaki , K and Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K . 2007 . Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance . J Exp Bot , 58 : 221 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirasawa , K , Takabe , T , Takabe , T and Kishitani , S . 2006 . Accumulation of glycinebetaine in rice plants that overexpress choline monooxygenase from spinach and evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stress . Ann Bot , 98 : 565 – 571 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon-Sarkadi , L , Kocsy , G , Varhegyi , A , Galiba , G and de Ronde , JA . 2005 . Genetic manipulation of proline accumulation influences the concentrations of other amino acids in soybean subjected to simultaneous drought and heat stress . J Agr Food Chem , 53 : 7512 – 7517 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , M A and Lindquist , S . 1998 . Thermotolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the Yin and Yang of trehalose . Trends Biotechnol , 16 : 460 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart , C C and Flores , S . 1997 . Overexpression of d-myo-inositol-3-phosphate synthase leads to elevated levels of inositol in Arabidopsis . Plant Mol Biol , 33 : 811 – 820 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnoff , N and Cumbes , Q J . 1989 . Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of compatible solutes . Phytochemistry , 28 : 1057 – 1060 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , J , Nada , K and Tachibana , S . 2002 . Suppression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities is a major cause for hightemperature inhibition of pollen germination and tube growth in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) . Plant Cell Physiol , 43 : 619 – 627 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivasulu , N , Sopory , S K and Kavi Kishor , PB . 2007 . Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by genomic approaches . Gene , 388 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiller , I , Dulai , S , Kondrák , M , Tarnai , R , Szabó , L , Toldó , O and Bánfalvi , Z . 2008 . Effects of drought on water content and photosynthetic parameters in potato plants expressing the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Planta , 227 : 299 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strizhov , N , Abraham , E , Okresz , L , Blichling , S , Zilberstein , A , Schell , J , Koncz , A and Szabados , L . 1997 . Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling praline accumulation during salt stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1,ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis . Plant J , 12 : 557 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su , J and Wu , R . 2004 . Stress-inducible synthesis of proline in transgenic rice confers faster growth under stress conditions than that with constitutive synthesis . Plant Sci , 166 : 941 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez , R , Calderón , C and Itturiaga , G . 2009 . Enhanced tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic alfalfa accumulating trehalose . Crop Sci , 49 : 1791 – 1799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki , N , Bajad , S , Shuman , J , Shulaev , V and Mittler , R . 2008 . The transcriptional co-activator mbf1c is a key regulator of the thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . J Biol Chem , 283 : 9269 – 9275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabados , L and Savouré , A . 2009 . Proline: a multifunctional amino acid . Trends Plant Sci , 15 : 89 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taji , T , Ohsumi , C , Luchi , S , Seki , M , Kasuga , M , Kobayashi , M , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K and Shinozaki , K . 2002 . Important role of drought and cold-inducible genes for galactinol synthase in stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant J , 29 : 417 – 426 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takabe , T , Hayashi , Y , Tanaka , A and Kishitani , S . Evaluation of glycine betaine accumulation for stress tolerance in transgenic rice plants . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Breeding and Biotechnology for environmental stress in Rice. Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, Sapporo, Japan . pp. 63 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Tao , R , Uratsu , S L and Dandekar , A M . 1995 . Sorbitol synthesis in transgenic tobacco with apple cDNA encoding NADP-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase . Plant Cell Physiol , 366 : 525 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Tarczynski , M C , Jensen , R G and Bohnert , H J . 1992 . Expression of a bacterial mtlD gene in transgenic tobacco leads to production and accumulation of mannitol . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 89 : 2600 – 2604 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thippeswamy , M , Chandraobulreddy , P , Sinilal , B , Shivakumar , M and Sudhakar , C . 2010 . Proline accumulation and the expression of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase in two safflower cultivars . Biol Plant , 54 : 386 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J C , Sepahi , M , Arendall , B and Bohnert , H J . 1995 . Enhancement of seed germination in high salinity by engineering mannitol expression in Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Cell Environ , 18 : 801 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , T and Thomas , T J . 2001 . Polyamines in cell growth and cell death: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications . Cell Mol Life Sci , 58 : 244 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trossat , C , Rathinasabapathi , B and Hanson , A A . 1997 . Transgenically expressed betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase efficiently catalyses oxidation of dimethylsulfonioproprion-aldehyde and omega-aminoaldehydes . Plant Physiol , 113 : 1457 – 1461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valliyodan , B and Nguyen , H . 2006 . Understanding regulatory networks and engineering for enhanced drought tolerance in plants . Curr Opin Plant Biol , 9 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vendruscolo , E CG , Schuster , I , Pileggi , M , Scapim , C A , Molinari , H BC , Marur , C J and Vieira , L GE . 2007 . Stress-induced synthesis of proline confers tolerance to water deficit in transgenic wheat . J Plant Physiol , 164 : 1367 – 1376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venekamp , J H , Lampe , J EM and Koot , J TM . 1989 . Organic acids as source of drought inducible proline synthesis in field bean plants Vicia faba L . J Plant Physiol , 133 : 654 – 659 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoy , D , Coba De La Pena , T , Redondo , F J , Lucas , M M and Pueyo , J J . 2006 . Transgenic Mecicago truncatula plants that acumúlate proline display nitrogen-fixing activity with enhanced tolerante to osmotic stress . Plant Cell Environ , 29 : 1913 – 1923 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon , D M , Tarczynski , M C , Jensen , R G and Bohnert , H J . 1993 . Cyclitol production in transgenic tobacco . Plant J , 4 : 199 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinocur , B and Altman , A . 2005 . Recent advances in engineering plant tolerance to abiotic stress: achievements and limitations . Curr Opin Biotechnol , 16 : 123 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waditee , R , Bhuiyan , M N , Rai , V , Aoki , K , Tanaka , Y , Hibino , T , Suzuki , S , Takano , J , Jagendorf , A T , Takabe , T and Takabe , T . 2005 . Genes for direct methylation of glycine provide high levels of glycinebetaine and abiotic-stress tolerance in Synechococcus and Arabidopsis . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 102 : 1318 – 1323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waditee , R , Tanaka , Y , Aoki , K , Hibino , T , Jikuya , H , Takano , J , Takabe , T and Takabe , T . 2003 . Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis grom glycine in a holotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica . J Biol Chem , 278 : 4932 – 4942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waie , B and Rajam , M V . 2003 . Effect of increased polyamine biosynthesis on stress responses in transgenic tobacco by introduction of human S-adenosylmethionine gene . Plant Sci , 164 : 727 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters , D R . 2003 . Polyamines and plant disease . Phytochemistry , 64 : 97 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W X , Vinocur , B and Altman , A . 2003 . Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance . Planta , 219 : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , Z Z , Zhang , S Z , Yang , B P and Li , Y R . 2005 . Trehalose synthase gene transfer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens enhances resistance to osmotic stress in sugarcane . Sugar Tech , 7 : 49 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , M B and Malmberg , R L . 1996 . Regulation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh arginine decarboxylase by potassium deficiency stress . Plant Physiol , 111 : 1077 – 1083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson , M B , Yu , W , Galloway , G and Malmberg , R L . 1997 . Isolation and characterization of a second arginine decarboxylase cDNA from Arabidopsis (Accession No. AF009647) . Plant Physiol , 114 : 1569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wi , S J , Kim , W T and Park , K Y . 2006 . Overexpression of carnation S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene generates a broad spectrum tolerance to abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco plants . Plant Cell Rep , 25 : 1111 – 1121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiemken , A , Sprenger , N and Boller , T . 1995 . “ Fructans – an extension of sucrose by sucrose ” . In Current Topics in Plant Physiology, Vol 14: Sucrose Metabolism, Biochemistry, Physiology and Molecular Biology , Edited by: Pontis , H G , Salerno , G L and Echeverria , E J . 178 – 189 . Rockville (MD) : ASPP .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , L Q , Fan , Z M , Guo , L , Li , Y Q , Zhang , W J , Qu , L J and Chen , Z L . 2003 . Overexpression of an Arabidopsis delta OAT gene enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic rice . Chin Sci Bull , 48 : 2594 – 2600 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyn Jones , R G . 1984 . Phytochemical aspects of osmotic adaptation . Rec Adv Phytochem , 18 : 55 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Xia , Y , Liang , H M , Chen , S Y , Sun , Z X , Wang , T M , Li , X Y , Fu , L L , Huang , J , Yan , L P and Liu , D . 2004 . Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene transformation of tetraploid clone of black locust mediated by Agrobacterium . Sci Agr Sin , 37 : 1208 – 1211 .
   Google Scholar
• Xing , W and Rajashekar , C B . 2001 . Glycine betaine involvement in freezing tolerance and water stress in Arabidopsis thaliana . Environ Exp Bot , 46 : 21 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada , M , Morishita , H , Urano , K , Shiozaki , N , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K , Shinozaki , K and Yoshiba , Y . 2005 . Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress . J Exp Bot , 56 : 1975 – 1981 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi , K , Takahashi , Y , Berberich , T , Imai , A , Takahashi , T , Michael , A J and Kusano , T . 2007 . A protective role for the polyamine spermine against drought stress in Arabidopsis . Biochem Biophys Res Commun , 352 : 486 – 490 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamchi , A , Jazii , F R , Mousav , A , Karkhane , A A and Renu . 2007 . Proline accumulation in transgenic tobacco as a result of expression of Arabidopsis Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (p5cs) during osmotic stress . J Plant Biochem Biotechnol , 16 : 9 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancy , P H , Clark , M E , Hand , S C , Bowlus , R D and Somero , G N . 1982 . Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte system . Science , 217 : 1214 – 1222 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , L , Tang , R , Zhu , J , Liu , H , Mueller-Roeber , B , Xia , H and Zhang , H . 2008 . Enhancement of stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants constitutively expressing AtIpk2β, an inositol polyphosphate 6-/3-kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant Mol Biol , 66 : 329 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo , E T , Kwon , H B , Han , S E , Lee , J T , Ryu , J C and Byun , M O . 2000 . Genetic engineering of drought resistant potato plants by introduction of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS1) gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Mol Cell , 10 : 263 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshiba , Y , Kiyosue , T , Nakashima , K , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki , K and Shinozaki , K . 1997 . Regulation of levels of proline as an osmolyte in plants under water stress . Plant Cell Physiol , 38 : 1095 – 1102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , H , Dong , H , Li , W , Sun , Y , Chen , S and Kong , X . 2009 . Increased glycinebetaine synthesis and salinity tolerance in AhCMO transgenic cotton lines . Mol Breed , 23 : 289 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , S Z , Yang , B P , Feng , C L and Tang , H L . 2005 . Genetic transformation of tobacco with the trehalose synthase gene from Grifola frondosa Fr. enhances the resistance to drought and salt in tobacco . J Integ Plant Biol , 47 : 579 – 587 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , H W , Chen , Y J , Hu , Y L , Gao , Y and Lin , Z P . 2000 . Construction of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene driven by drought responsive promoter and expression of drought resistance in transgenic tobacco . Acta Bot Sin , 42 : 616 – 619 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , Y , Aspinall , D and Paleg , L G . 1992 . Protection of membrane integrity in Medicago sativa L. by glycinebetaine against the effects of freezing . J Plant Physiol , 140 : 541 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , B , Su , J , Chang , M , Verma , D PS , Fan , Y L and Wu , R . 1998 . Overexpression of a D1-pyrroline-5- carboxylate synthetase gene and analysis of tolerance to water- and salt-stress in transgenic rice . Plant Sci , 139 : 41 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , J K . 2001 . Plant salt tolerance . Trends Plant Sci , 6 : 66 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , J K . 2002 . Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants . Annu Rev Plant Biol , 53 : 247 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar