References
- Al-Shammary AAG, Kouzani AZ, Kaynak A, Khoo SY, Norton M, Gates W. 2018. Soil bulk density estimation methods: A review. Pedosphere. 28(4):581–596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60034-7.
- Amanullah MM, Sekar S, Muthukrishnan P. 2010. Prospects and potential of poultry manure. Asian J Plant Sci. 9(4):172–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2010.172.182.
- Antoniadis V, Koutroubas SD, Fotiadis S. 2015. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium availability in manure- and sewage sludge–applied soil. Commun Soil Sci Plant. 46(3):393–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2014.983241.
- Azizi-Zohan A, Kamgar-Haghighi AA, Sepaskhah AR. 2008. Crop and pan coefficients for saffron in a semi-arid region of Iran. J Arid Environ. 72(3):270–278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.06.001.
- Bagheri Shirvan M, Koocheki A, Bicharanlou B, Asadi GA. 2017. Saffron corm behavior in a new and emerging area of production. Acta Hortic. 1184:145–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1184.21.
- Behdani MA, Koocheki A, Rezvani P, Jami AL-Ahmadi M. 2008a. Agro-ecological zoning and potential yield of saffron in Khorasan-Iran. J Biol Sci. 8:298–305. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2008.298.305.
- Behdani MA, Nassiri Mahallati M, Koocheki A. 2008b. Evaluation of irrigation management of saffron at agroecosystem scale in dry region of Iran. Asian J Plant Sci. 7(1):22–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2008.22.25.
- Bicharanlou B, Koocheki A, Bagheri M, Asadi GA. 2017. Feasibility of saffron cultivation in northern area of Khorasan province. Acta Hortic. 1184:125–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1184.18.
- Bukhari SI, Manzoor M, Dhar MK. 2018. A comprehensive review of the pharmacological potential of Crocus sativus and its bioactive apocarotenoids. Biomed Pharmacother. 98:733–745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.090.
- Chantigny MH, Curtin D, Beare MH, Greenfield LG. 2010. Influence of temperature on water-extractable organic matter and ammonium production in mineral soils. Soil Biol Biochem. 74(2):517–524. doi:https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0347.
- Conant TR, Ryan M, Ågren GI, Birgé H, Davidson E, Eliasson P, Evans S, Frey S, Giardina C, Hopkins F, et al. 2011. Temperature and soil organic matter decomposition rates – synthesis of current knowledge and a way forward. Global Change Biol. 17(11):3392–3404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02496.x.
- Douglas MH, Smallfield BM, Wallace AR, McGimpsey JA. 2014. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): the effect of mother corm size on progeny multiplication, flower and stigma production. Sci Hortic. 166:50–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.007.
- Fallahi HR, Mahmoodi S. 2018. Impact of water availability and fertilization management on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) biomass allocation. J Hort Postharvest Res. 1(2):131–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2018.1487.1017.
- Feizi H, Mollafilabi A, Sahabi H, Ahmadian A. 2015. Effect of summer irrigation and conservation tillage on flower yield and qualitative characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Iran J Saffron Agron Technol. 2(4):255–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2015.8619.
- Frink CR, Waggoner PE, Ausubel JH. 1999. Nitrogen fertilizer: retrospect and prospect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(4):1175–1180. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.4.1175.
- Garcia PL, González-Villalba HA, Sermarini RA, Trivelin PCO. 2018. Nitrogen use efficiency and nutrient partitioning in maize as affected by blends of controlled-release and conventional urea. Arch Agron Soil Sci. 64(14):1944–1962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1469746.
- Good AG, Shrawat AK, Muench DG. 2004. Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends Plant Sci. 9(12):597–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2004.10.008.
- Gresta F, Avola G, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. 2009. Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by environmental conditions. Sci Hortic. 119(3):320–324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.08.008.
- Gresta F, Lombardo GM, Siracusa L, Ruberto G. 2008. Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review. Agron Sustainable Dev. 28(1):95–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007030.
- Hawkesford MJ. 2014. Reducing the reliance on nitrogen fertilizer for wheat production. J Cereal Sci. 59(3):276–283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.001.
- Herencia JF, Ruiz-Porras JC, Melero S, Garcia-Galavis PA, Morillo E, Maqueda C. 2007. Comparison between organic and mineral fertilization for soil fertility levels, crop macronutrient concentrations, and yield. Agron J. 99:973–983. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2006.0168.
- Hood RC. 2001. The effect of soil temperature and moisture on organic matter decomposition and plant growth. Isot Environ Health Stud. 37(1):25–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10256010108033279.
- IRIMO. 2019. Monthly mean climate data. Iranian Meteorological Organization; [accessed 2019]. http://irimo.ir/.
- Jahan M, Jahani M. 2007. The effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on saffron flowering. Acta Hortic. 739:81–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.739.9.
- Jia X, Shao L, Liu P, Zhao B, Gu L, Dong S, Bing SH, Zhang J, Zhao B. 2014. Effect of different nitrogen and irrigation treatments on yield and nitrate leaching of summer maize (Zea mays L.) under lysimeter conditions. Agric Water Manage. 137:92–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.010.
- Jiang P, Xie X, Huang M, Zhou X, Zhang R, Chen J, Wu D, Xia B, Xiong H, Xu F, et al. 2016. Characterizing N uptake and use efficiency in rice as influenced by environments. Plant Prod Sci. 19(1):96–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2015.1128103.
- Kirschbaum M. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biol Biochem. 27:6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00242-S.
- Koocheki A, Asadi GA, Bagheri Shirvan M, Bicharanlou B. 2018. The possibility of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure in saffron cultivation at different levels of corm density under Northern Khorasan climatic conditions. Iran J Saffron Agron Technol. 6(2):125–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2017.75396.1214.
- Koocheki A, Ebrahimian E, Seyyedi SM. 2016. How irrigation rounds and mother corm size control saffron yield, quality, daughter corms behavior and phosphorus uptake. Sci Hortic. 213:132–143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.028.
- Koocheki A, Moghaddam PR, Seyyedi SM. 2019. Saffron-pumpkin/watermelon: a clean and sustainable strategy for increasing economic land equivalent ratio under limited irrigation. J Clean Prod. 208:1327–1338. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.209.
- Koocheki A, Seyyedi S. 2016. Effects of different water supply and corm planting density on crocin, picrocrocin and safranal, nitrogen uptake and water use efficiency of saffron grown in semi-arid region. Not Sci Biol. 8(3):334–341. doi:https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb.8.3.9855.
- Koocheki A, Seyyedi SM. 2015. Relationship between nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by mother corm size and fertilization. Ind Crop Prod. 71:128–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.085.
- Koocheki A, Seyyedi SM, Eyni MJ. 2014. Irrigation levels and dense planting affect flower yield and phosphorus concentration of saffron corms under semi-arid region of Mashhad, Northeast Iran. Sci Hortic. 180:147–155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.10.031.
- Ksheem AMA. 2014. Optimising nutrient extraction from chicken manure and compost. Australia: University of Southern Queensland.
- Kumar R, Singh V, Devi K, Sharma M, Singh MK, Ahuja PS. 2008. State of art of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) agronomy: a comprehensive review. Food Rev Int. 25(1):44–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120802458503.
- Lopez-Corcoles H, Brasa Ramos A, Montero Garcia FJ, Romero-Valverde M, Montero-Riquelme F. 2015. Phenological growth stages of saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.) according to the BBCH scale. Span J Agric Res. 13(3):e09SC01. doi:https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015133-7340.
- Manivannan S, Balamurugan M, Parthasarathi K, Gunasekaran G, Ranganathan SL. 2009. Effect of vermicompost on soil fertility and crop productivity - beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). J Environ Biol. 30(2):275–281.
- Masclaux-Daubresse C, Daniel-Vedele F, Dechorgnat J, Chardon F, Gaufichon L, Suzuki A. 2010. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Ann Bot. 105(7):1141–1157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq028.
- Mathew B. 1999. Botany, taxonomy and cytology of Crocus sativus L. and its allies. In: Negbi M, editor. Saffron (Crocus sativus). London: CRC Press; p. 148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203303665.
- McGimpsey JA, Douglas MH, Wallace AR. 1997. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production in New Zealand. N Z J Crop Hortic Sci. 25(2):159–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.1997.9514002.
- Molina RV, Valero M, Navarro Y, Guardiola JL, García-Luis A. 2005. Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Sci Hortic. 103(3):361–379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.005.
- Moll RH, Kamprath EJ, Jackson WA. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agron J. 74:562–564. doi:https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400030037x.
- Naderidarbaghshahi M, Jalalizand A, Javanmard H. 2017. Effects of summer irrigation and weed control methods on morphological characteristics and yield of saffron in Iran’s climate. Res Crop. 18(3):541–545. doi:https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2017.00093.6.
- Ondrasek G, Bakić Begić H, Zovko M, Filipović L, Meriño-Gergichevich C, Savić R, Rengel Z. 2019. Biogeochemistry of soil organic matter in agroecosystems and environmental implications. Sci Total Environ. 658:1559–1573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.243.
- Pansu M, Gautheyrou J. 2006. Organic and total C, N (H, O, S) analysis. In: Pansu M, Gautheyrou J, editors. Handbook of soil analysis: mineralogical, organic and inorganic methods. Berlin (Heidelberg): Springer Berlin Heidelberg; p. 327–370.
- Patel S, Sarwat M, Khan TH. 2017. Mechanism behind the anti-tumour potential of saffron (Crocus sativus L.): the molecular perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 115:27–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.010.
- Rashed-Mohassel MH. 2007. Saffron from wild to the field. Acta Hortic. 739:187–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.739.23.
- Rezvani Moghaddam P, Mohammad-Abadi A, Sabori A. 2007. Effect of different animal manure on flower yield and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage production of saffron (Crocus sativus) in Mashhad conditions. Acta Hortic. 739:159–163. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.739.21.
- Saxena RB. 2010. Botany, taxonomy and cytology of Crocus sativus series. Ayu. 31(3):374–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.77153.
- Schilke-Gartley KL, Sims JT. 1993. Ammonia volatilization from poultry manure-amended soil. Biol Fertil Soil. 16(1):5–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00336507.
- Seghatoleslami M, Sabzekar E. 2017. Saffron responses to summer irrigation and nano zinc oxide. Acta Hortic. 1184:115–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2017.1184.16.
- Seyyedi SM, Ebrahimian E, Rezaei-Chiyaneh E. 2018. Saffron daughter corms formation, nitrogen and phosphorous uptake in response to low planting density, sampling rounds, vermicompost and mineral fertilizers. Commun Soil Sci Plant. 49(5):585–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2018.1432634.
- Shahi T, Assadpour E, Jafari SM. 2016. Main chemical compounds and pharmacological activities of stigmas and tepals of ‘red gold’; saffron. Trends Food Sci Technol. 58:69–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.10.010.
- Thongjoo C, Miyagawa S, Kawakubo N. 2005. Effects of soil moisture and temperature on decomposition rates of some waste materials from agriculture and agro-industry. Plant Prod Sci. 8(4):475–481. doi:https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.8.475.
- Tilman D. 1999. Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96(11):5995–6000. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.11.5995.
- Trost B, Ellmer F, Baumecker M, Meyer-Aurich A, Prochnow A, Drastig K. 2014. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, carbon inputs from above ground harvest residues and soil organic carbon contents of a sandy soil in Germany. Soil Use Manage. 30(2):209–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12123.
- Uchida R. 2000. Essential nutrients for plant growth: nutrient functions and deficiency symptoms. In: Silva JA, Uchida R, editors. Plant nutrient management in Hawaii’s soils, approaches for tropical and subtropical agriculture. College of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii; Manoa p. 158.
- Wallace A. 1994. Soil acidification from use of too much fertilizer. Commun Soil Sci Plant. 25(1–2):87–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369010.
- Whalen J. 2012. Soil fertility improvement and integrated nutrient management: a global perspective. InTech Open Access Publisher. doi:https://doi.org/10.5772/1401.
- Yadollahi A, Azam-Ali S, Cocking E, Shojaei-Asadiyeh Z. 2007. Possibility of growth and development of saffron in the UK. Acta Hortic. 739. doi:https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.739.18.
- Yarami N, Sepaskhah AR. 2015. Saffron response to irrigation water salinity, cow manure and planting method. Agric Water Manage. 150:57–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.12.004.