Dietary intakes and anthropometric data for poor elderly Nairobi women

References

• Allen , L.H. 1993 . The nutrition CRSP: What is marginal malnutrition, and does it affect human function? . Nutr. Reviews. , 51 (9) : 255 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Central Bureau of Statistics, (CBS) . 1985 . “ Ministry of Economic Planning and Development ” . In Population Projections for Kenya 1980–2000 , 321 Nairobi : UNICEF .
   Google Scholar
• DeMaeyer , E. , Adiels‐Tegman , I. and Rayston , M. 1985 . The prevlance of anemia in the world . World Health Stat. Q. , 38 : 302 – 316 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ethangatta , L.K. , Basu , T.K. , Gee , M.I. and Hawrysh , Z.J. 1994 . Biochemical status of protein and iron in low income elderly women living in Nairobi City, East Africa . Intl. J. Food Sci. and Nutr. , 45 : 249 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , E.T. , Gibson , R.S. , Thompson , L.V. , Ounpuu , S. and Berry , M. 1988 . Phytate, zinc and calcium content of 30 East African Foods and Their calculated Phytate: Zn, Ca: Phytate and [Ca]Phytate[Zn] Molar Ratios . J. Food Composition Analysis. , 1 : 316 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization, (FAO) . 1974 . Handbook on Human Nutritional Requirements , FAO Nutritional Studies No. 28 Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• Frisancho , R.A. 1981 . New norms of upper limb fat and muscle areas for assessment of nutritional status . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 2540 – 2545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , M. 1985 . “ The consequences of protein deficicency in man and its relationship to the features of kwashiorkor ” . In Nutritional Adaptation in Man , Edited by: Blaxter , K. and Waterlon , J.C. 169 – 187 . London : J. Libbey .
   Google Scholar
• Gurney , J.M. and Jelliffe , D.B. 1973 . Arm anthropometry in nutritional assessment, nomogram for rapid calculation of muscle circumference and cross‐sectional muscle and fat areas . Am J. Clin. Nutr. , 26 : 912 – 915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , J.A. and Benedict , E.G. 1919 . A Biometric Study of Basal Metabolism In Man , Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institute of Washington .
   Google Scholar
• Health and Welfare Canada . 1990 . Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee , 208 Ottawa : Supply and Services Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Health and Welfare Canada . 1985 . Nutrient File: 1983 , Ottawa : Bureau of Nutritional Sciences. Department of National Health and Welfare .
   Google Scholar
• Health and Welfare Canada . 1977 . Nutrition Canada: Food Consumption Patterns Report , Ottawa : Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Protection Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Health and Welfare Canada . 1973 . Nutrition Canada National Survey. Nutrition: A National Priority , Ottawa : Information Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Herbert , V.D. and Coleman , N. 1988 . “ Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 ” . In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, , 7th ed. , Edited by: Shils , M.E. and Young , V.R. 388 – 416 . Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger .
   Google Scholar
• Jelliffe , D.B. and Jelliffe , E.F.P. 1989 . Community Nutritional Assessment , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kogi‐Makau , W. 1992 . Risk indicators of nutritional status of households of a Kenyan semi‐arid population . East African Med. J. , 69 : 560 – 562 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merchant , K. and Kurtz , K. 1993 . “ Women's nutrition through the life cycle ” . In The Health of Women: A Global Perspective , Edited by: Kobincky , M. , Timyan , J. and Gay , J. 63 – 90 . Colorado : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Metropolian Life Insurance Co. 1959 . New weight standards for men and women . Stat. Bull. , 140 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , S.P. , Beaton , G.H. and Calloway , D.H. 1992 . Estimated mineral intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya and Mexico . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 56 : 565 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy , S.P. , Weinberg‐Anderson , S.W. , Neumann , C. , Mulligan , K. and Calloway , D.H. 1991 . Development of research nutrient data bases: an example using foods consumed in rural Kenya . J. Food Composition and Analysis. , 4 : 2 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Nathanson , C.A. 1990 . “ The gender‐mortality differential in developed countries: demographic and socio‐cultural dimensions ” . In Gender, Health and Longevity. Multidisciplinary perspectives , Edited by: Ory , M.G. and Warner , H.R. 3 – 23 . New York : Springer Publishing Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Nnanyelugo , D.O. , Kubiangha , L.O. and Akpanyuno , U.O. 1979 . Food intakes and pattern of consumption among elderly Nigerians with a low income . Ecol. Food Nutr. , 2 : 79 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Norusis , M.J. and SPSS Inc. 1990 . Statistical Data Analysis for IBM/XT/AT and PS/2 , Chicago : SPSS Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ohlson , M.A. 1969 . Dietary patterns and effect on nutrient intake . World Rev. Nutr. Diet. , 10 : 13 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Keefe , S.J.D. , Thusi , D. and Epstein , S. 1983 . The fat and the thin‐a survey of nutritional status and disease patterns among urbanized Black South Africans. 5 . Afr. Med. J. , 63 : 679 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , A.A. and Southgate , D.A.T. 1978 . McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods , New York : Elsevier/North‐Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Popkin , B.M. 1994 . The nutrition transition in low‐income countries: An emerging crisis . Nutrition Reviews. , 52 (9) : 285 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche , A.F. , Siervogel , R.M. , Chumlea , W.C. and Webb , P. 1981 . Grading of body fatness from limited anthropometric data . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 34 : 2831 – 2838 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosado , J.L. , Lopez , P. , Morales , M. , Muñoz , E. and Allen , L. 1992 . Bioavailability of energy, nitrogen, fat, zinc, iron and calcium from rural and urban Mexican diets . Br. J. Nutr. , 68 : 45 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , J.S. and Hoover , S.L. 1983 . International Trends and Perspectives: Aging , International Research Document No 12 Washington, D.C. : US Department of Commerce .
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , J.S. and Hoover , S.L. 1982 . Demographic aspects of health of the elderly to the year 2000 and beyond . Wld. Hlth. Statist. Quart. , 35 : 133 – 181 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnlund , J.R. , King , J.C. , Keyes , W.R. , Gong , B. and Michel , M.C. 1984 . A stable isotope study of zinc absorption in young men: effects of phytate and a‐cellulose . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 40 : 1071 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations . 1992, 1990 . Demographic Yearbook, 42nd Issue. Special Topic: Marriage and divorce statistics , 478 New York : Depart Inter Econ and Soc Affairs, Statistical office. United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA), Agriculture Research Service . 1976–87 . Composition of Foods. Agriculture Handbook No 8. Series 8–1 to 8–21 , Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Waswa , J.K. 1985 . Nutritional status of elderly population in a rural area in Embu District , Kenya : University of Nairobi . Unpublished MPH dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Watson , W.C. and Murray , E.S. 1969 . Serum iron, haemoglobin levels in pregnant East African women of mixed tribal origin . J. Obstet. Gynaecol. , 76 : 366
   Google Scholar
• Watt , B.K. and Merrill , A.L. 1963 . Composition of foods: Raw, Processed and Prepared , Agriculture Handbook No 8. 190 Washington, D.C. : United States Department of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• West , C.E. , Pepping , F. and Temablwa , C.R. 1988 . The composition of foods commonly eaten in East Africa , Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Wageningen Agricultural University .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . World development Report 1990 , Washington, D.C. : World Bank/Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, (WHO) . 1990 . Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Series No 797 , 203 Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, (WHO) . 1987 . “ Health of the elderly ” . In Wld Hlth Statist Annu , 11 – 14 . Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, (WHO) . 1984 . The uses of epidemiology in the study of the elderly. Report of a WHO Scientific Group on the Epidemiology of Aging , World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 706 84 Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO) . 1975 . Control of Nutritional Anemia with Reference to Iron Deficiency , Report of an IAEAAJSAIDAVHO Joint Meeting. WHO Technical Report Series No. 580 72 Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University, (WHO/FAO/UNU) . 1985 . Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a joint WHO/FAO/UNU Expert Consultation , Technical Report Series No. 724 206 Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar
• Present address: Dr. L. Ethangatta, P.O. Box 56032, Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Address correspondence to: Dr. Z. Hawrysh, Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, 2–06F Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5. Phone: 1–403–492–3830, Fax: 1–403–492–4265.
   Google Scholar