Saponin‐like in vitro characteristics of extracts from selected non‐nutrient wild plant food additives used by Maasai in meat and milk based soups

References

• Aldercreutz , H. 1991 . “ Diet and sex hormone metabolism ” . In Nutrition, Toxicity and Cancer , Edited by: Rowland , R. 137 – 193 . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Artaud‐Wild , S.M. , Connor , S.L. , Sexton , G. and Connor , W.E. 1993 . Differences in coronary mortality can be explained by differences in cholesterol and saturated fat intakes in 40 countries but not in France and Finland . Circulation , 88 (6) : 2771 – 2779 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assa , Y. , Shany , S. , Gestetner , B. , Tencer , Y. , Birk , Y. and Bondi , A. 1973 . Interaction of alfalfa saponins with components of erythrocyte membrane in hemolysis . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 307 : 83 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks , C. and Draffin , G. 1969 . Sesquiterpenoids of Warburgia species‐ I Warburgin and Warburgiadione . Tetrahedron , 25 : 2865 – 2885 .
   Google Scholar
• Calvert , G.D. and Yeates , R. 1982 . Adsorption of bile salts by soya‐bean flour, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), sawdust and lignin: the effect of saponins and other plant constituents . British Journal of Nutrition , 47 ( 45 )
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carpani , G. , Orsini , F. , Sisti , M. and Verotta , L. 1989 . Saponins from Albizzia anthelmintica . Phytochemistry , 28 (3) : 863 – 866 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , L. 1994 . vitro hypocholesterolemic potential of dietary additives used by the Batemi and Maasai People , Montreal : McGill University . Msc. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Costa , M. , Lopes , M. , Paul , I. , Ferreira , M. and Alves , A. 1976 . Naphthaquinones and triterpenoids of Euclea divinorum . Phytochemistry , 15 : 829
   Google Scholar
• Day , J. , Carruthers , M. , Bailey , A. and Robinson , D. 1976 . Anthropometric, physiological and biochemical differences between urban and rural Maasai . Atherosclerosis , 23 : 357 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibney , M. and Burstyn , P. 1980 . Milk, serum cholesterol and the Maasai . Atherosclerosis , 35 : 339 – 343 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ivorra , M.D. , Paya , M. and Villar , A. 1989 . A review of natural products and plants as potential antidiabetic drugs . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 27 : 243 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W.P.T. , Duthie , G.G. and Wahle , K.W.J. 1989 . The Mediterranean diet: protective or simply non‐toxic? . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 43 : 31 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johns , T. 1990 . With bitter herbs they shall eat it. Chemical ecology and the origins of human diet and medicine , Tuscon, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johns , T. , Mhoro , E.B. and Sanaya , P. 1996 . Food Plants and Masticants of the Batemi of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania . Economic Botany , 50 : 115 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Johns , T. , Mhoro , E.B. , Sanaya , P. and Kimanani , E.K. 1994 . Herbal remedies of the Batemi of Ngorongoro District, Tanzania: a quantitative appraisal . Economic Botany , 48 (1) : 90 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Kioy , D. , Gray , A. and Waterman , P. 1990 . A comparative study of the stembark drimaine sesquiterpenes and leaf volatile oils of Warburgia ugandensis and W. stuhlmannii . Phytochemistry , 29 (11) : 3535 – 3538 .
   Google Scholar
• Kushi , L.H. , Lew , R.A. , Stare , F. J. , Ellison , C.R. , El Lozy , M. , Bourke , G. , Daly , L. , Graham , I. , Hickey , N. , Mulcahy , R. and Kevaney , J. 1985 . Diet and 20‐year mortality from coronary heart disease: the Ireland‐Boston diet‐heart study . New England Journal of Medicine , 312 : 811 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinow , M. , McLaughlin , P. and Stafford , C. 1978 . Prevention of hypercholesterolemia in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) by digitonin . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 31 : 814 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinow , M. , McLaughlin , P. , Papworth , L. , Stafford , C. , Kohler , G. , Livingston , A. and Cheeke , P. 1977a . Effect of alfalfa saponins on intestinal cholesterol absorption in rats . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 30 : 2061 – 2067 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malinow , M. , McLaughlin , P. , Kohler , G. and Livingston , A. 1977b . Prevention of elevated cholesterolemia in monkeys . Steroids. , 29 (1) : 105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malinow , M. 1985 . Effects of synthetic glycosides on cholesterol absorption . Annals New York Academy of Sciences , 454 : 23 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , G. , Spoerry , A. , Gray , M. and Jarashow , D. 1972 . Atherosclerosis in the Maasai . American Journal of Epidemiology. , 95 (1) : 26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Massiot , G. , Lavaud , C. , Besson , V. , Le Men‐Olivier , L. and Van Binst , G. 1991 . Saponins from Aerial Parts of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) . Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry , 39 : 78 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massiot , G. , Lavaud , C. , Guillaume , D. and Le Men‐Olivier , L. 1988 . Reinvestigation of the sapogenins and prosapogenins from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) . Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry , 36 : 902 – 909 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , J.N. , Marr , J.W. and Clayton , D.G. 1977 . Diet and heart: a postscript . British Medical Journal , 2 : 1307 – 1314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi , K. and Kubo , I. 1977 . Studies on Warburganal, Muzigadial and related compounds . Isreal Journal of Chemistry , 16 : 28 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakenfull , D. and Fenwick , D. 1978 . Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine . British Journal of Nutrition , 40 : 299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakenfull , D. and Sidhu , G. 1990 . Could saponins be useful treatment for hypercholesterolaemia . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 44 : 79 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , K. , Johnson , I. and Fenwick , G. 1987 . The chemistry and biological significance of saponins in foods and feedingstuffs . CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 26 ( 27 )
   Google Scholar
• Reichert , R. , Tatarynovich , J. and Tyler , R. 1986 . Abrasive dehulling of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): effect on saponin content as determined by an adapted hemolytic assay . Cereal Chemistsy , 63 (6) : 473
   Google Scholar
• Sofowora , A. 1984 . Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa , 256 – 257 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , A. and Madar , Z. 1993 . The effect of an ethanol extract derived from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) on bile acid absorption and cholesterol levels in rats . British Journal of Nutrition , 69 : 227 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Story , J. and Kritchevsky , D. 1976 . Comparison of the binding of various bile acids and bile salts in vitro by several types of fiber . Journal of Nutrition , 106 : 1292 – 1294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Story , J. , LePage , S. , Petro , M. , West , L. , Cassidy , M. , Lightfoot , F. and Vahouny , G. 1984 . Interactions of alfalfa plant and sprout saponins with cholesterol in vitro and in cholesterolfed rats . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 39 : 917 – 929 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Story , J. , Tepper , S. and Kritchevsky , D. 1974 . Influence of synthetic conjugates of cholic acid on cholesteremia in rats [Feeding effects] . Journal of Nutrition , 104 (9) : 1185 – 1188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson , L. 1993 . Potential health benefits and problems associated with antinutrients in foods . Food Research International , 26 (2) : 131
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , L. 1988 . Antinutrients and blood glucose . Food Technology , April : 123 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Tits , M. , Damas , J. , Quetin‐Leclercq , J. and Angenot , L. 1991 . From ethnobotanical uses of Strychnos henningsii to antiinflammatories, analgesics and antispasmodics . Journal of Ethnopharmacology , 34 : 261 – 267 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner , H. , Bladt , S. and Zgainski , E.M. 1984 . Plant Drug Analysis , Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar