Wild Foods from Farm and Forest in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

REFERENCES

• Arnold , J. E. M. , Powell , B. , Shanley , P. and Sunderland , T. C. H. 2011 . Forests, biodiversity and food security . International Forestry Review , 13 ( 3 ) : 259 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batal , M. and Hunter , E. 2007 . Traditional Lebanese recipes based on wild plants: An answer to diet simplification? . Food & Nutrition Bulletin , 28 ( suppl. 2 ) : 303S – 311S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley , N. M. R. , Hall , A. , Tomkins , A. M. , Donnelly , C. , Ntimbwa , P. , Kivuga , J. , Kihamia , C. M. , Lorri , W. and Bundy , D. A. P. 2000 . The health of enrolled and non enrolled children of school age in Tanga, Tanzania . Acta Tropica , 76 : 223 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharucha , Z. and Pretty , J. 2010 . The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 365 ( 1554 ) : 2913 – 2926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess , N. D. , Butynski , T. M. , Cordeiro , N. J. , Doggart , N. H. , Fjeldsa , J. , Howell , K. M. Kilahama , F. B. 2007 . The biological importance of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya . Biological Conservation , 134 : 209 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , C. 2008 . “ Human health and forests: An overview ” . In Human health and forests: A global overview of issues, practice and policy , Edited by: Colfer , C. J. P. 13 – 33 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Chweya , J. A. and Eyzaguirre , P. B. 1999 . The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables , Rome , , Italy : International Plant Genetic Resource Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Colfer , C. J. P. 2008 . Human health and forests: Global overview of issues, practice and policy , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Colfer , C. J. P. , Sheil , D. , Kaimowitz , D. and Kishi , M. 2006 . Forests and human health in the tropics: Some important connections . Unasylva , 224 ( 57 ) : 3 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Delang , C. 2006 . Not just minor forest products: The economic rationale for the consumption of wild food plants by subsistence farmers . Ecological Economics , 59 ( 1 ) : 64 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewi , S. and Ekadinata , A. 2010 . Landscape dynamics over time and space from ecological perspective. Working paper number 103 , Bogor , , Indonesia : The World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) .
   Google Scholar
• Etkin , N. L. 1994 . Eating on the wild side: The pharmacologic, ecologic, and social implications of using noncultigens , Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fa , J. E. , Currie , D. and Meeuwig , J. 2003 . Bushmeat and food security in the Congo Basin: Linkages between wildlife and people's future . Environmental Conservation , 30 ( 1 ) : 71 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer , J. 1990 . “Hungry season” food from the forest . Unasylva , 41 ( 160 ) : 14 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Feierman , S. 1974 . The Shambaa kingdom , Madison : The University of Wisconson Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , E. , Gibson , R. , Opare-Obisaw , C. , Osei-Opare , C. , Lamba , C. and Ounpuu , S. 1993 . Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 29 : 219 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleuret , A. 1979a . Methods for evaluation of the role of fruits and wild greens in Sambaa diet: A case study . Medicinal Anthropology , 3 : 249 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleuret , A. 1979b . The role of wild foliage plants in the diet: A case study from Lushoto, Tanzania . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 8 : 87 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin , G. 2007 . CANDAT , London ON , , Canada : Godin London Incorporated .
   Google Scholar
• Golden , C. D. , Fernald , L. C. H. , Brashares , J. S. , Rasolofoniaina , B. J. R. and Kremen , C. 2011 . Benefits of wildlife consumption to child nutrition in a biodiversity hotspot . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 ( 49 ) : 19653 – 19656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grivetti , L. E. and Ogle , B. M. 2000 . Value of traditional foods in meeting macro- and micronutrient need: The wild plant connection . Nutrition Research Reviews , 13 : 31 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , J. M. , Gillespie , T. W. and Mwangoka , M. 2011 . Comparison of agroforests and protected forests in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania . Environmental Management , 48 ( 2 ) : 237 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog , F. , Farah , Z. and Amadò , R. 1994 . Composition and consumption of gathered wild fruits in the V-Baoulé, Côte d'Ivoire . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 32 ( 3–4 ) : 181 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphry , C. M. , Clegg , M. S. , Keen , C. L. and Grivetti , L. E. 1993 . Food diversity and drought survival: The Hausa example . International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Johns , T. and Maundu , P. 2006 . Forest biodiversity, nutrition and population health in market-oriented food systems . Unasylva , 224 ( 57 ) : 34 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , A. and Behrens , C. A. 1982 . Nutritional criteria in Machiguenga food production decisions: A linear-programming analysis . Human Ecology , 10 ( 2 ) : 167 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keding , G. , Weinberger , K. , Swai , I. and Mndinga , H. 2007 . Diversity, traits and use of traditional vegetables in Tanzania, Technical Bulletin No. 40 , Shanhua , , Taiwan : AVRDC, The World Vegetable Center .
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , W. F. 1986 . The optimal foraging analysis of horticultural production . American Anthropologist , 88 ( 1 ) : 92 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppert , G. J. A. , Dounias , E. , Froment , A. and Pasquet , P. 1993 . “ Food consumption in three forest populations of the southern coastal areas of Cameroon: Yassa - Mvae - Bakola ” . In Tropical forests, people and food: Biocultural ineractions and applications to development , Edited by: Hladik , C. M. , Hladik , A. , Linares , O. F. , Pagezy , H. , Semple , A. and Hadley , M. Paris : UNESCO; Nashville, TN: Parthenon Publishing . Man and the Biosphere series, vol. 13
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnlein , H. V. 2009 . “ Introduction: Why are indigenous peoples’ food systems important and why do they need documentation? ” . In Indigenous peoples’ food systems: The many dimensions of culture, diversity and environment for nutrition and health , Edited by: Kuhnlein , H. V. , Erasmus , B. and Spigelski , D. 1 – 8 . Rome and Montreal : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Center for Indigenous Peoples’ Nutrition and Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnlein , H. V. and Receveur , O. 1996 . Dietary change and traditional food systems of indigenous peoples . Annual Review of Nutrition , 16 : 417 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnlein , H. V. , Soueida , R. and Receveur , O. 1996 . Dietary nutrient profiles of Canadian Baffin Island Inuit differ by food source, season, and age . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 96 ( 2 ) : 155 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladio , A. and Lozada , M. 2004 . Patterns of use and knowledge of wild edible plants in distinct ecological environments: A case study of a Mapuche community from northwestern Patagonia . Biodiversity and Conservation , 13 ( 6 ) : 1153 – 1173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukmanji , Z. , Hertzmark , E. , Mlingi , N. , Assey , V. , Ndossi , G. and Fawzi , W. 2008 . Tanzania food composition tables. Dar es Salaam: Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; Tanzania: Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center , Boston : Harvard School of Public Health .
   Google Scholar
• Lyimo , M. , Temu , R. P. C. and Mugula , J. K. 2003 . Identification and nutrient composition of indigenous vegetables of Tanzania . Plant Foods for Human Nutrition , 58 ( 1 ) : 85 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maletnlema , T. N. 2002 . A Tanzanian perspective on the nutrition transition and its implications for health . Public Health Nutrition , 5 ( 1A ) : 163 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroyi , A. 2011 . The gathering and consumption of wild edible plants in Nhema Communal Area, Midlands Province, Zimbabwe . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 50 ( 6 ) : 506 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnyk , M. and Bell , N. 1996 . The direct-use values of tropical moist forest foods: The Huottuja (Piaroa) Amerindians of Venezuela . Ambio , 25 ( 7 ) : 468 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Black , G. and Somnasang , P. 2000 . In times of plenty and times of scarcity: Nondomesticated food in north-eastern Thailand . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 38 ( 6 ) : 563 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Msuya , J. M. , Mamiro , P. and Weinberger , K. 2008 . “ Iron, zinc and β-carotene nutrient potential of non-cultivated indigenous vegetables in Tanzania ” . In International Symposium on Underutilized Plants , Arusha , , Tanzania : ISHS, Acta Hort .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , S. P. and Allen , L. A. 2003 . Nutritional importance of animal source foods . Journal of Nutrition , 133 : 3932S – 3935S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , N. , Mittermeier , R. A. , Mittermeier , C. G. , Fonseca , G. A. B. d. and Kent , J. 2000 . Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . Nature , 403 : 853 – 858 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasi , R. , Brown , D. , Wilkie , D. , Bennett , E. , Tutin , C. , van Tol , G. and Christophersen , T. 2008 . Conservation and use of wildlife-based resources: The bushmeat crisis , Bogor : Technical Series no. 33, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) .
   Google Scholar
• Nordeide , M. B. , Hatløy , A. , ølling , M. F , Lied , E. and Oshaug , A. 1996 . Nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food resources in an agricultural district, Koutiala, in Southern Mali . International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition , 47 ( 6 ) : 455 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle , B. , Hung , P. and Tuyet , H. 2001 . Significance of wild vegetables in micronutrient intakes of women in Vietnam: An analysis of food variety . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 10 ( 1 ) : 21 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle , B. M. , Tuyet , H. T. , Duyet , H. N. and Dung , N. N. X. 2003 . Food, feed or medicine: The multiple functions of edible wild plants in Vietnam . Economic Botany , 57 ( 1 ) : 103 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieroni , A. , Nebel , S. , Santoro , R. F. and Heinrich , M. 2005 . Food for two seasons: Culinary uses of non-cultivated local vegetables and mushrooms in a south Italian village . International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition , 56 ( 4 ) : 245 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popkin , B. M. , Lu , B. and Zhai , F. 2002 . Understanding the nutrition transition: Measuring rapid dietary changes in transitional countries . Public Health Nutrition , 5 ( 6A ) : 947 – 953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , P. W. 2006 . Challenging nature: Local knowledge, agroscience and food security in Tanga Region, Tanzania , Chigago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , B. 2012 . Biodiversity and human nutrition in a landscape mosaic of farms and forests in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania , PhD diss., School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , B. , Hall , J. and Johns , T. 2011 . Forest cover, use and dietary intake in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania . International Forestry Review , 13 ( 3 ) : 305 – 324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , B. , Herforth , A. , Johns , T. and Oluoch , M. 2012 . Traditional vegetables and nutrition in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania , Poster presentation at the International Congress of Ethnobiology . May 20–25, Montpellier, France
   Google Scholar
• Powell , B. , Watts , J. , Boucard , A. , Urech , Z. , Feintrenie , L. , Lyimo , E. , Asaha , S. and Sunderland-Groves , J. 2010 . “ The role of wild species in the governance of tropical forested landscapes ” . In Collaborative governance of tropical landscapes , Edited by: Colfer , C. J. P. and Pfund , J.-L. 157 – 182 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Price , L. L. 1997 . Wild plant food in agricultural environments: A study of occurrence, management, and gathering rights in Northeast Thailand . Human Organization , 56 ( 2 ) : 209 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappaport , R. 1968 . Pigs for the ancestors: Ritual in the ecology of a New Guinea people , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ruffo , C. K. , Birnie , A. and Tengnas , B. 2002 . Edible wild plants of Tanzania. Technical handbook No. 27 , Nairobi , , Kenya : RELMA (at ICRAF) .
   Google Scholar
• Savy , M. , Martin-Prével , Y. , Traissac , P. , Eymard-Duvernay , S. and Delpeuch , F. 2006 . Dietary diversity scores and nutritional status of women change during the seasonal food shortage in rural Burkina Faso . The Journal of Nutrition , 136 ( 10 ) : 2625 – 2632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termote , C. , Van Damme , P. and Dhed'a Djailo , B. 2010 . Eating from the Wild: Turumbu Indigenous Knowledge on Noncultivated Edible Plants, Tshopo District, DRCongo . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 49 ( 3 ) : 173 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termote , C. , Van Damme , P. and Dhed'a Djailo , B. 2011 . Eating from the wild: Turumbu, Mbole and Bali traditional knowledge on non-cultivated edible plants, District Tshopo, DRCongo . Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution , 58 ( 4 ) : 585 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN-SCN . 2004 . Fifth report on the world nutrition situation , Geneva , , Switzerland : United Nations, Standing Committee on Nutrition and International Food Policy Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Vainio-Mattila , K. 2000 . Wild vegetables used by the Sambaa in the East Usambara Mountains, NE Tanzania . Annales Botanici Fennici , 37 : 57 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vliet , N. , Milner-Gulland , E. J. , Bousquet , F. , Saqalli , M. and Nasi , R. 2010 . Effect of small-scale heterogeneity of prey and hunter distributions on the sustainability of bushmeat hunting . Conservation Biology , 24 ( 5 ) : 1327 – 1337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vihemäki, H. 2005. Politics of participatory forest conservation: Cases from the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies 4 (2): 1–16. http://www.journal-tes.dk/vol_4_no_2/NO6_HE_l.PDF (http://www.journal-tes.dk/vol_4_no_2/NO6_HE_l.PDF)
   Google Scholar
• Vinceti , B. , Eyzaguirre , P. and Johns , T. 2008 . “ The nutritional role of forest plant foods for rural communities ” . In Human health and forests: A global overview of issues, practice and policy , Edited by: Colfer , C. J. P. 63 – 96 . London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger , K. and Swai , I. 2006 . Consumption of traditional vegetables in central and northeastern Tanzania . Ecology of Food and Nutrition , 45 ( 2 ) : 87 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis , J. 1992 . The makings of a tribe: Bondei identities and histories . The Journal of African History , 33 ( 2 ) : 191 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodcock , K. A. 1995 . Indigenous knowledge and forest use: Two case studies from the East Usambaras, Tanzania. Technical Paper 22 , Tanga , , Tanzania : East Usambara Catchment Forest Project, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Forestry and Beekeeping Division .
   Google Scholar
• Wu Leung , W. T. 1968 . Food composition table for use in Africa , Rome , , Italy : FAO .
   Google Scholar