Making Sense of Agrobiodiversity, Diet, and Intensification of Smallholder Family Farming in the Highland Andes of Ecuador

REFERENCES

• Andrade , H. , Bastidas , O. and Sherwood , S. 2002 . “ La papa en Ecuador [The potato in Ecuador] ” . In In El cultivo de la papa en Ecuador , Edited by: Pumisacho , ed. M. and Sherwood , S. 21 – 32 . Quito , , Ecuador : INIAP-CIP . [Potato cultivation in Ecuador]
   Google Scholar
• Arimond , M. and Ruel , M. T. 2004 . Dietary diversity is associated with child nutritional status: Evidence from 11 demographic and health surveys . Journal of Nutrition , 134 : 2579 – 2585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audi , P. , Nagarajan , L. and Jones , R. B. 2008 . Seed interventions and cultivar diversity in pigeon pea: A farmer based assessment in Eastern Kenya . Journal of New Seeds , 9 ( 2 ) : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Ayala , G. 2004 . “ Aporte de los cultivos andinos a la nutrición humana [Contribution of Andean crops to human nutrition] ” . In In Raices Andinas: Contribuciones al conocimiento y a la capacitación [Andean roots and tubers: Contributions to knowledge and to training] , Edited by: Seminario , ed. J. 101 – 112 . Lima , , Peru : International Potato Center .
   Google Scholar
• Berti , P. 1996 . Dietary adequacy and its relationship to anthropometric status in a highland Ecuadorian community , University of Guelph : PhD diss .
   Google Scholar
• Berti , P. , Jones , A. D. , Cruz , Y. , Larrea , S. , Borja , R. and Sherwood , S. 2010 . Assessment and characterization of the diet of an isolated population in the Bolivian Andes . American Journal of Human Biology , 22 : 741 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berti , P. , Krasevec , J. and FitzGerald , S. 2004 . A review of the effectiveness of agriculture interventions in improving nutrition outcomes . Public Health Nutrition , 7 ( 5 ) : 599 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berti , P. and Leonard , W. R. 1998 . Demographic and socioeconomic determinants of variation in food and nutrient intake in an Andean community . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 105 : 407 – 417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaboussou , F. 2004 . Healthy crops: A new agricultural revolution , Charnley , UK : Jon Carpenter .
   Google Scholar
• Chamorro , A. 2011 . “ Dieta y agrodiversidad durante la modernización de la chacras en la Sierra Central ecuatoriana ” . In [Diet and agrobiodiversity during the modernization of farms in the Ecuadorian Highlands] , MSc thesis, Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• Chiriboga , M. 1982 . “ La pobreza rural y la produccion agropecuaria ” . In Ecuador: El mito del desarrollo , Quito , , Ecuador : Editorial El Conejo . [Rural poverty and agricultural production. Ecuador: The myth of development]
   Google Scholar
• De Boef , W. S. and Thijssen , M. H. 2007 . “ Herramientas de trabajo participativo con cultivos, variedades y semillas ” . In Una guía para técnicos que aplican metodologías participativas en el manejo de la agro-biodiversidad, fitomejoramiento y desarrollo del sector semillero , Wageningen , , The Netherlands : Wageningen International . [Participatory tools for work with crops, varieties and seeds. A guide for extensionists that apply participatory methdologies in the management of agro-biodiversity, plant improvement and development of the seed sector]
   Google Scholar
• Dop , M. C. , Milan , C. and N'Diaye , A. M. 1994 . The 24-hour recall for Senegalese weanlings: A validation exercise . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 48 : 643 – 653 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmqvist , T. , Folke , C. , Nystrom , M. , Peterson , G. , Bengtsson , J. , Walker , B. and Norberg , J. 2003 . Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 1 : 488 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO . 2002 . Reports from international organizations on their policies, programs, and activities related to agricultural biodiversity , [In Spanish.] , , Rome : FAO .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 2005 . Food security policies in the countries of the Andean community , [In Spanish.] Santiago , , Chile : FAO Regional Office for Latin America .
   Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT. 2004. FAOSTAT, the Statistics Division of the FAO, Web site. http://faostat.fao.org (http://faostat.fao.org)
   Google Scholar
• Fleuret , P. and Fleuret , A. 1980 . Nutrition, consumption, and agricultural change . Human Organization , 39 ( 3 ) : 250 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores , H. E. , Walker , T. S. , Guimarães , R. L. , Bais , H. P. and Vivanco , J. 2003 . Andean root and tuber crops: Underground rainbows . HortScience , 38 ( 2 ) : 161 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler , G. and Mooney , P. 1990 . Shattering: Food politics and the loss of genetic diversity , Tucson : University of Arizona Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , W. , Bacallao , J. and Carrasco , F. 1992 . Desnutrición y condiciones socioeconómicas en el Ecuador [Malnutrition and socioeconomic conditions in Ecuador] , Quito , , Ecuador : CONADE/UNICEF/OPS/OMS .
   Google Scholar
• Frison , E. A. , Cherfas , J. and Hodgkin , T. 2011 . Agricultural biodiversity is essential for a sustainable improvement in food and nutrition security . Sustainability , 3 : 238 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frison , E. A. , Smith , I. F. , Johns , T. , Cherfas , J. and Eyzaguirre , P. B. 2006 . Agricultural biodiversity, nutrition and health: Making a difference to hunger and nutrition in the developing world . Food Nutrition Bulletin , 27 : 167 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , R. S. 2005 . Principles of nutrition assessment , Vol. 885 , Oxford , , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• IPCC . 2007 . “ Summary for policymakers ” . In Climate change 2007: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, 23. Working Group II contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report , Geneva : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , S. and Sherwood , S. 2002 . Cultivo de granos andinos en el Ecuador [Andean grain crops in Ecuador] , Quito , , Ecuador : CIP and FAO, Ediciones Abaya-Yala .
   Google Scholar
• Klesges , R. C. , Klesges , L. M. , Brown , G. and Frank , G. C. 1987 . Validation of the 24-hour dietary recall in preschool children . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 87 : 1383 – 1385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence , A. January 7–25 2002 . Participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity. [In English and Spanish.] Summary of the ETFRN Internet Discussion , January 7–25 , Oxford : University of Oxford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig , J. A. and Reynolds , J. F. 1988 . Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing , Vol. 337 , New York : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Mackerras , D. and Rutishauser , I. 2005 . 24-hour national dietary survey data: How do we interpret them most effectively? . Public Health Nutrition , 8 ( 6 ) : 657 – 665 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , D. R. and Schroeder , D. G. 2002 . The positive deviance approach to improve health outcomes: Experience and evidence from the field . Food and Nutrition Bulletin , 23 ( 4 ) : 5 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsh , D. R. , Schroeder , D. G. , Dearden , K. A. , Sternin , J. and Sternin , M. 2004 . The power of positive deviance . BMJ , 329 ( 7475 ) : 1177 – 1179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , B. , Herren , H. , Wakhungu , J. and Watson , R. 2009 . “ Agriculture at a crossroads: The global report ” . In International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development , Vol. 606 , Washington , DC : IAASTD and Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moreno , C. 2001 . Métodos para medir la biodiversidad [Methods for measuring biodiversity] . M&T Manuales y Tesis SEA , 1 : 84
   Google Scholar
• Mujica , E. and Holle , M. 1997 . Los Andes y la transformación cultural del paisaje. Conferencia sobre conservacion de Paramos y Punas , 65 – 80 . Lima , , Peru : International Potato Center . [The Andes and the cultural transformation of the landscape. Conference on conservation of the Páramos and Punas]
   Google Scholar
• Murra , J.V. 2002 . El mundo Andino: Poblacion, medio ambiente y economia [The Andean world: Population, environment and economy] , Lima : Institute of Peruvian Studies, Pontifica Catholic University of Peru .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1989 . Lost crops of the Incas: Little known plants of the Andes with promise for worldwide cultivation , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nederveen , L. , Oyarzun , P. J. , Heredia , C. and Herteleer , J. 2002 . Enfoques en nutrición para la región SARO de plan [Nutritional focus for the PLAN's SARO Region], 63 , Panama City , , Panama : Regional Office of Plan International .
   Google Scholar
• Paredes , M. 2010 . Peasants, potatoes and pesticides: Heterogeneity in the context of agricultural modernization in the highland Andes of Ecuador , PhD diss., Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• Parra , V. 2009 . Diagnostic of farm family agrobiodiversity and its impact on daily peasant diets. [In Spanish.] BSc thesis , Riobamba , , Ecuador : Escuela Superior Politécnca del Chimborazo .
   Google Scholar
• Perez , C. , Nicklin , C. , ’angles , O. D , Vanek , S. J. , Sherwood , S. , Halloy , S. , Garrett , K. and Forbes , G. 2010 . Climate change in the high Andes: Implications and adaptation strategies for small-scale farmers . International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability , 6 : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Pimm , S. L. 1984 . The complexity and stability in ecosystems . Nature , 307 : 321 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty , J. , Guijt , I , Scoones , I. and Thompson , J. 1995 . “ Regenerating agriculture: The agroecology of low-external input and community-based development ” . In The earthscan reader in sustainable development , Edited by: Kirby , J. , ’Keefe , P. O and Timberlake , L. 125 – 145 . London : Earthscan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reardon , T. and Berdegué , J. 2002 . The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: Challenges and opportunities for development . Development Policy Review , 20 ( 4 ) : 371 – 388 .
   Google Scholar
• Repo-Carrasco , R. 1992 . Underexploited Andean crops and their contribution to food , [In Spanish.] Santiago , , Chile : FAO Regional Office .
   Google Scholar
• Repo-Carrasco , R. , Espinoza , C. and Jacobsen , S. E. 2003 . Nutritional value and use of the Andean crops quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) . Food Reviews International , 19 (1–2): 179–189 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera , R. 1999 . “ Los cultivos nativos: Situación y estrategias para su desarrollo en el enfoque en nutrición para la región SARO Perú ” . In Reunión técnica y taller de formulación del proyecto regional sobre producción y nutrición humana en base a cultivos Andinos [Technical meeting and workshop for the development of regional projects on production and human nutrition based on Andean crops] , Edited by: Mujica , A. , Izquierdo , J. , Marathee , J. P. , Moron , C. and Jacobsen , S. E. 99 – 108 . Arequipa , , Peru : International Potato Center . [Native crops: Situation and strategies for their development with special attention to nutrition in the SARO region of Perú]
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , S. 2009 . Learning from Carchi: Agricultural modernization and the production decline , Wageningen University : PhD diss .
   Google Scholar
• SIISE . 2001 . Sistema Integrado de Indicadores Sociales. Versión 2.0 [The Integrated System of Social Indicators. Version 2.0] , Quito , , Ecuador : Secretaria de Desarrollo Social .
   Google Scholar
• Soto-Baquero, F., M. Rodríguez Fazzone, and C. Falconi. 2007. Políticas para la Agricultura Familiar en América Latina y el Caribe [Policies for family agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean]. Santiago, Chile: FAO-BID. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/AGRO_Noticias/docs/politicasafresu.pdf (http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/AGRO_Noticias/docs/politicasafresu.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Statistix 9 . 2008 . Statistix 9 user's manual , Tallahassee : Analytical Software .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , L. J. , Killough , S. , Borja , R. , Sherwood , S. , Hernidiah , N. , Joicey , P. and Berti , P. R. 2007 . Bringing agriculture and health workers together . LEISA Magazine , 23 ( 3 ) : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Sthapit , B. , Rana , R. , Subedi , A. , Gyawali , S. , Bajracharya , J. , Chaudhary , P. , Joshi , B. , Sthapit , S. , Joshi , K. D. and Upadhyay , M. 2005 . Participatory four-cell analysis (PFCA) for local crop diversity. Fact sheet of on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. Good practice No. 3. Nepal: IPGRI, IDRC, LI-BIRD , Agricultural Botany Division .
   Google Scholar
• Tapia , M. 1997 . Underexploited Andean crops and their nutritional contribution , [In Spanish.] Santiago , , Chile : FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean .
   Google Scholar
• Thomé da Cruz , F. , Batista , A. M , Monteiro , F. , Rieg , F. , da Silva , J. , Heinzen , T. and Schmidt , L. 2007 . “ Análise participative de quatro-células practicada no programa de agro-biodiversidade na comunidade de Rio da Prata, Anitápolis, Santa Catarina [Four-cell participatory analysis applied in the agro-biodiversity program with communities of Rio de Prata, Anitápolis, Santa Catarina] ” . In Biodiversity and famers: Strengthening community management , Edited by: De Boef , W. S. , Thijssen , M. H. , Bernardi Ogliari , J. and Sthapit , B. 166 – 167 . [In Portugese.] Porto Alegre , , Brazil : L & PM .
   Google Scholar
• Tilman, D., C. J. Balzer, J. Hill, and B. Belfort. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. PNAS 108 (50): 20260–20264. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1116437108 (http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1116437108)
   Google Scholar
• Tilman , D. , Reich , P. B. and Knops , J. M. H. 2006 . Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment . Nature , 441 : 629 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toledo , A. and Burlingame , B. 2006 . Biodiversity and nutrition: A common path toward global food security and sustainable development . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 19 : 477 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrutia , R. and Vuille , M. 2009 . Climate change projections for the tropical Andes using a regional climate change model: Temperature and precipitation simulations for the 21st century . Journal of Geophysical Research , 114 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• van der Ploeg , J. D. 2008 . The new peasantries: Struggles for autonomy and sustainability in an era of empire and globalization , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Voβ , C. 1991 . Quinoa , Bonn , , Germany : Monografía .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , W. F. 2006 . Globalization and local response to epidemiological overlap in 21st century Ecuador . Globalization and Heath , 2 : 8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weismantel , M. J. 1988 . Food, gender, and poverty in the Ecuadorian Andes , Long Grove , IL : Waveland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , B. and Zuckerman , P. 2012 . Deviant heroes: Nonconformists as agents of justice and social change . Deviant Behavior , 33 ( 8 ) : 639 – 654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , S. 2006 . Análisis de políticas de apoyo y programas de compensación a la agricultura familiar en Ecuador. Preliminary report 3 , FAO-BID, Proyecto GCP/RLA/152/IAB. Ecuador .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , S. and Ludeña , C. 2006 . Caracterización de la Agricultura Familiar en Ecuador. Preliminary report 1 , FAO- BID, Proyecto GCP/RLA/152/IAB. Ecuador .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2007a . From agriculture to nutrition: Pathways, synergies and outcomes. Agriculture and Rural Development Department , Washington , DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 2007b . Nutrition failure in Ecuador: Causes, consequences and solutions. A World Bank country study , Washington , DC : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Yepez , R. , Carrasco , F. and Baldeon , M. E. 2008 . Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes adolescentes ecuatorianos del área urbana . ALAN , 58 ( 2 ) : 139 – 143 .
   Google Scholar