Influence of Seasonal On-Farm Diversity on Dietary Diversity: A Case Study of Smallholder Farming Households in Western Kenya

References

• Arimond, M., D. Wiesmann, E. Becquey, A. Carriquiry, M. C. Daniels, M. Deitchler, N. Fanou-Fogny, M. L. Joseph, G. Kennedy, and Y. Martin-Prevel. 2010. Simple food group diversity indicators predict micronutrient adequacy of women’s diets in 5 diverse, resource-poor settings. The Journal of Nutrition 140 (11):2059S–2069S. doi:10.3945/jn.110.123414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsenault, J. E., E. A. Yakes, M. M. Islam, M. B. Hossain, T. Ahmed, C. Hotz, B. Lewis, A. S. Rahman, K. M. Jamil, and K. H. Brown. 2013. Very low adequacy of micronutrient intakes by young children and women in rural Bangladesh is primarily explained by low food intake and limited diversity. The Journal of Nutrition 143:197–203. doi:10.3945/jn.112.169524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard, T., J. Coates, A. Swindale, and M. Deitchler. 2011. Household hunger scale: Indicator definition and measurement guide. Washington, DC: FANTA-2 (Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance).
   Google Scholar
• DeClerck, F. A., J. Fanzo, C. Palm, and R. Remans. 2011. Ecological approaches to human nutrition. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 32 (Suppl. 1):41S–50S. doi:10.1177/15648265110321S106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt, J. 2007. Description of NutriSurvey. http://www.nutrisurvey.de/index.html ( accessed May 15, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Fanzo, J., Q. Marshall, D. Dobermann, J. Wong, R. I. Merchan, M. I. Jaber, A. Souza, N. Verjee, and K. Davis. 2015. Integration of nutrition into extension and advisory services: A synthesis of experiences, lessons, and recommendations. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 36 (2):120–37. doi:10.1177/0379572115586783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2011. Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. Rome, Italy: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and FANTA (Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance). 2014. Introducing the MDD-W (Minimum Dietary Diversity-Women) global dietary diversity indicator for women. Washington, DC: FAO and FANTA.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/INFOODS (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Network of Food Data Systems). 2012a. West African food composition table. http://www.fao.org/infoods/infoods/tables-and-databases/faoinfoods-databases/en/ ( accessed November 11, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• FAO/INFOODS (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Network of Food Data Systems). 2012b. FAO/INFOODS analytical food composition database, Version 1.0 (AnFooD1.0). http://www.fao.org/infoods/infoods/tables-and-databases/faoinfoods-databases/en/ ( accessed November 11, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Filmer, D., and L. H. Pritchett. 2001. Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data - or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography 38 (1):115–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, E., and M. Qaim. 2012. Gender, agricultural commercialization, and collective action in Kenya. Food Security 4 (3):441–53. doi:10.1007/s12571-012-0199-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herforth, A. 2010. Promotion of traditional African vegetables in Kenya and Tanzania: A case study of an intervention representing emerging imperatives in global nutrition. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/17139?show=full
   Google Scholar
• Hillocks, R. 2011. Farming for balanced nutrition: An agricultural approach to addressing micronutrient deficiency among the vulnerable poor in Africa. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 11 (2):4688–707. doi:10.4314/ajfand.v11i2.65922.
   Google Scholar
• Hotz, C., and R. S. Gibson. 2005. Participatory nutrition education and adoption of new feeding practices are associated with improved adequacy of complementary diets among rural Malawian children: A pilot study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (2):226–37. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corporation. 2013. IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. New York, NY: IBM Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Jaetzold, R., H. Schmidt, B. Hornetz, and C. Shisanya. 2005. Farm management handbook of Kenya. Natural conditions and farm management information, Vol. II/A, 2nd ed. Western Province, Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Agriculture/GTZ.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. D., A. Shrinivas, and R. Bezner-Kerr. 2014. Farm production diversity is associated with greater household dietary diversity in Malawi: Findings from nationally representative data. Food Policy 46 (1):1–12. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabahenda, M., R. M. Mullis, J. G. Erhardt, C. Northrop-Clewes, and S. Y. Nickols. 2011. Nutrition education to improve dietary intake and micronutrient nutriture among children in less-resourced areas: A randomised controlled intervention in Kabarole district, western Uganda. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24 (2):83–88.
   Google Scholar
• Keding, G. B., J. M. Msuya, B. L. Maass, and M. B. Krawinkel. 2012. Relating dietary diversity and food variety scores to vegetable production and socio-economic status of women in rural Tanzania. Food Security 4 (1):129–40. doi:10.1007/s12571-011-0163-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keding, G. B., J. M. Msuya, B. L. Maass, and M. B. Krawinkel. 2013. Obesity as a public health problem among adult women in rural Tanzania. Global Health: Science and Practice 1 (3):359–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kehlenbeck, K., E. Asaah, and R. Jamnadas. 2013. Diversity of indigenous fruit trees and their contribution to nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa: Examples from Kenya and Cameroon. In Diversifying foods and diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health, edited by J. Fanzo, D. Hunter, T. Borelli, and F. Mattei. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, G. L., M. R. Pedro, C. Seghieri, G. Nantel, and I. Brouwer. 2007. Dietary diversity score is a useful indicator of micronutrient intake in non-breast-feeding Filipino children. The Journal of Nutrition 137 (2):472–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kipkorir, J. 2012. Effectiveness of a nutrition education approach in improving complementary feeding practices of children 6-23 months in western Kenya. Unpublished thesis.
   Google Scholar
• KNBS (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics) and ICF Macro. 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008-09. Calverton, Maryland: KNBS and Nairobi, Kenya: ICF Macro.
   Google Scholar
• Kovach Computing Services. 2013. Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP), Version 3.22. Anglesey, Wales: Kovach Computing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Leavy, J., and C. Poulton. 2007. Commercialisations in agriculture. Brighton, England: Future Agricultures Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Lukmanji, Z., E. Hertzmark, N. Mlingi, V. Assey, G. Ndossi, and W. Fawzi. 2008. Tanzania food composition tables. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: MUHAS (Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences), TFNC (Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre) and HSPH (Harvard School of Public Health).
   Google Scholar
• Maass, B. L., W. L. Chiuri, R. Zozo, D. Katunga-Musale, T. K. Metre, and E. Birachi. 2014. Using the ‘livestock ladder’ as a means for poor crop-livestock farmers to exit poverty in Sud-Kivu province, eastern DR Congo. In Agro-ecological Intensification of agricultural systems in the African highlands, Earthscan, Routledge, London, eds B. Vanlauwe, P. V. Asten, and G. Blomme. London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Magnani, R. 1997. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) sampling guide. Washington, DC: FANTA.
   Google Scholar
• Maundu, M. P., W. G. Ngugi, and H. S. C. Kabuye. 1999. Traditional food plants of Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: National Museums of Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Msuya, T. S., J. R. Kideghesho, and T. C. E. Mosha. 2010. Availability, preference, and consumption of indigenous forest foods in the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 49 (3):208–27. doi:10.1080/03670241003766048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng’endo, M., G. B. Keding, S. Bhagwat, and K. Kehlenbeck. 2015. Variability of on-farm food plant diversity and its contribution to food security: A case study of smallholder farming households in western Kenya. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 39 (10):1071–103. doi:10.1080/21683565.2015.1073206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noack, A. L., and N. R. M. Pouw. 2014. A blind spot in food and nutrition security: Where culture and social change shape the local food plate. Agriculture and Human Values 32 (2):169–82. doi:10.1007/s10460-014-9538-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohna, I., R. Kaarhus, and J. Kinabo. 2012. No meal without ugali? Social significance of food and consumption in a Tanzanian village. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment 34 (1):3–14. doi:10.1111/j.2153-9561.2012.01061.x.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, B., P. Maundu, H. V. Kuhnlein, and T. Johns. 2013. Wild foods from farm and forest in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 52 (6):451–78. doi:10.1080/03670244.2013.768122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa). 2010. Updated list of species and commodity grouping. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Foundation/CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation).
   Google Scholar
• Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products. 2008. NewCROP crop index. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Indices/index_ab.html ( accessed December 17, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Version 3.1.2. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for statistical computing.
   Google Scholar
• Remans, R., D. F. Flynn, F. DeClerck, W. Diru, J. Fanzo, K. Gaynor, I. Lambrecht, J. Mudiope, P. K. Mutuo, and P. Nkhoma. 2011. Assessing nutritional diversity of cropping systems in African villages. PLoS One 6 (6):e21235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzaho, A. M. 2004. Fat, rich and beautiful: Changing socio-cultural paradigms associated with obesity risk, nutritional status and refugee children from sub-Saharan Africa. Health and Place 10 (1):105–13. doi:10.1016/S1353-8292(03)00051-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruel, M. T., N. Minot, and L. Smith. 2005. Patterns and determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption in sub-Saharan Africa: A multicountry comparison. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO (World Health Organization).
   Google Scholar
• Savy, M., Y. Martin-Prevel, P. Traissac, and F. Delpeuch. 2007. Measuring dietary diversity in rural Burkina Faso: Comparison of a 1-day and a 3-day dietary recall. Public Health Nutrition 10 (1):71–78. doi:10.1017/S1368980007219627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savy, M., Y. Martin-Prevel, P. Traissac, S. Eymard-Duvernay, and F. Delpeuch. 2006. Dietary diversity scores and nutritional status of women change during the seasonal food shortage in rural Burkina Faso. The Journal of Nutrition 136 (10):2625–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxholt, E., A. T. Christensen, A. Møller, H. B. Hartkopp, K. Hess Ygil, and O. H. Hels 2009. Danish Food Composition Databank, revision 7. Department of Nutrition, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU). http://www.foodcomp.dk/v7/fcdb_default.asp ( accessed May 15, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Agricultural Research Service. 2014. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release. . http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list ( accessed November 27, 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Waswa, L. M., I. Jordan, J. Herrmann, M. B. Krawinkel, and G. B. Keding. 2015. Community-based educational intervention improved the diversity of complementary diets in western Kenya: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Nutrition 18 (18):3406–19. doi:10.1017/S1368980015000920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters-Bayer, A., P. Kristjanson, C. Wettasinha, L. Van Veldhuizen, G. Quiroga, K. Swaans, and B. Douthwaite. 2015. Exploring the impact of farmer-led research supported by civil society organisations. Agriculture & Food Security 4 (4):1–7. doi:10.1186/s40066-015-0023-7.
   Google Scholar
• WFP (World Food Programme). 2008. Food consumption score: Construction of the FCS. Rome, Italy: World Food Programme.
   Google Scholar