235
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors among Rural Bapedi Women in Sekhukhune Area, Limpopo Province, South Africa

&

References

  • Agyemang, C. 2006. Rural and urban differences in blood pressure and hypertension in Ghana, West Africa. Public Health 120:523–533. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.02.002.
  • Appel, L.J. 2003. Dietary factors. Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375083-900150-1.
  • Bangalee, V., and F. Suleman. 2016. Has the increase in the availability of generic drugs lowered the price of cardiovascular drugs in South Africa? Health SA Gesondheid 21:60–66. doi:10.1016/j.hsag.2015.10.004.
  • Bell, A.C., L.S. Adair, and B.M. Popkin. 2004. Understanding the role of mediating risk factors and proxy effects in the association between socioeconomic status and untreated hypertension. Social Science and Medicine 59:275–283. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.028.
  • Chalmers, J., S. MacMahon, and G. Mancia. 1999. World health organization-international society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. Guidelines subcommittee of the world health organization. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 21:1009–1060.
  • Charlton, K.E., P.L. Jooste, K. Steyn, N.S. Levitt, and A. Ghosh. 2013. A lowered salt intake does not compromise iodine status in Cape Town, South Africa, where salt iodization is mandatory. Nutrition 29:630–634. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.09.010.
  • Cortain, L., S.B. Eaton, A. Sebatian, N. Mana, S. Lindeberg, and B.A. Watkins. 2005. Origins and evolution of the western diet: Health implication for the 21st century. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 81:341–354.
  • Cozier, Y.C., J.R. Palmer, N.J. Horton, L. Fredman, and L. Rosenberg. 2004. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and the incidence of hypertension in the black women's health study. Annals of Epidemiology 14:592–624.
  • Dearborn, J.L., Y. Qiao, E. Guallar, L.M. Steffen, R.F. Gottesman, Y. Zhang, and B.A. Wasserman. 2016. Polyunsaturated fats, carbohydrates and carotid disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) carotid MRI study. Atherosclerosis 251:361–366. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.024.
  • Department of Health. 2012. Regulations relating to the reduction of sodium in certain foodstuffs. Foodstuffs, cosmetics and disinfectants Act, 1972 (Act 54 0f 1972). Pretoria, South Africa, Limpopo Province.
  • Greater Tubatse report. 2013 /14. Local municipality report. Government document.
  • Gupta, R., H. Prkash, S. Majumdar, S. Sharma, and V.P. Gupta. 1995. Prevalence of coronary heart disease and coronary risk factors in an urban population of Rajasthan. Indian Heart Journal 47:331–338.
  • Kandala, N.-B., W. Tigbe, S.O. Manda, and S. Stranges. 2013. Geographic Variation of hypertension in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of South Africa. American Journal of Hypertension 26:382–391. doi:10.1093/ajh/hps063.
  • Kaplan, M.S., and A. Nunes. 2003. The psychosocial determinants of hypertension. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 13:52–59. doi:10.1016/S0939-4753(03)80168-0.
  • Lawes, C.M., S. Vander Hoorn, and A. Rodgers. 2008. International society of hypertension global burden of blood-pressure-related diseases. Lancet 371:1513–1518. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60655-8.
  • Lutsey, P.L., L.M. Steffen, and J. Stevens. 2008. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Circulation 117:754–761. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.716159.
  • Marketou, M.E., E.A. Zacharis, F. Parttenakis, G.E. Kochiadakis, S. Maragkoudakis, G. Chlouverakis, and P.E. Vardas. 2013. Association of Na+ and K+ intake with ventricular arrhythmic burden in patients with essential hypertension. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 7::276–282. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2013.04.002.
  • Matsui, Y., K. Kario, J. Ishikawa, S. Hoshide, K. Eguchi, and K. Shimada. 2005. Smoking and antihypertensive medication: Interaction between blood pressure reduction and arterial stiffness. Hypertension Research 28:631–638. doi:10.1291/hypres.28.631.
  • Mayén, A., P. Bovet, H. Marti-Soler, B. Viswanathan, J. Gedeon, F. Paccaud, P. Marques-Vidal, and S. Stringhini. 2016. Socioeconomic differences in dietary patterns in an East African Country: Evidence from the Republic of Seychelles. PLos ONE 11:e0155617. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155617.
  • Meneton, P., X. Jeunemaitre, H. De Wardener, and G.A. MacGregor. 2005. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiological Reviews 85:679–715. doi:10.1152/physrev.00056.2003.
  • Mufunda, J., G. Mebrahtu, A. Usman, P. Nyarango, A. Kosia, Y. Ghebrat, A. Ogbamariam, and A. Gebremicheal. 2006. The prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with obesity: Results from a national blood pressure survey in Eritrea. Journal of Human Hypertension 20:59–65. doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001924.
  • Nakanishi, N., K. Nakamura, K. Suzuki, and K. Tatara. 2000. Effects of weight variability on cardiovascular risk factors: A study of non-smoking Japanese male office workers. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24:1226–1230. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801389.
  • Newson, R.S., I. Elmadfa, G. Biro, Y. Cheng, V. Prakash, P. Rust, M. Barna, R. Lion, G.W. Meijer, N. Neufingerl, I. Szabolcs, R. Van Zweden, Y. Yang, and G.I.J. Feunekes. 2013. Barriers for progress in salt reduction in the general population. An international study. Appetite 71:22–31. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.07.003.
  • Noakes, T.D. 2013. Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake can manage obesity and associated conditions: Occasional study. South African Medical Journal 103 (11):826–830. doi:10.7196/SAJM.7302.
  • Nshisso, L.D., A. Rees, B. Gelaye, S. Lemma, Y. Berhane, and M.A. Williams. 2012. Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among Ethiopian adults. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 6:36–41. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2012.05.005.
  • Park, J., and C.K. Kwock. 2015. Sodium intake and prevalence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke in Korean adults. Journal of Ethnic Foods 2:92–96. doi:10.1016/j.jef.2015.08.007.
  • Park, S., J.B. Park, and E.G. Lakatta. 2011. Association of central hemodynamics with estimated 24h urinary sodium in patients with hypertension. Journal of Hypertension 29:1502–1507. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283486311.
  • Power, C., and C. Hertzman. 1997. Social and biological pathways linking early life and adult disease. British Medical Bulletin 53:210–221. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011601.
  • Roger, V.L., A.S. Go, D.M. Lloyd-Jones, E.J. Benjamin, J.D. Berry, W.B. Borden, D.M. Bravata, S. Dai, E.S. Ford, C.S. Fox, H.J. Fullerton, C. Gillespie, S.M. Hailpern, J.A. Heit, V.J. Howard, B.M. Kissela, S.J. Kittner, D.T. Lackland, J.H. Lichtman, L.D. Lisabeth, D.M. Makuc, G.M. Marcus, A. Marelli, D.B. Matchar, C.S. Moy, D. Mozaffarian, M.E. Mussolino, G. Nichol, N.P. Paynter, E.Z. Soliman, P.D. Sorlie, N. Sotoodehnia, T.N. Turan, S.S. Virani, N.D. Wong, D. Woo, and M.B. Turner. 2012. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 125 (1):e2–e220. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31823ac046.
  • Sathish, T., S. Kannan, P.S. Sarma, and O. Rasum. 2012. Incidence of hypertension and its risk factors in rural Kerala, India: a community-based cohort study. Public Health 126:23–32. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.002.
  • Seedat, Y.K. 1983. Race, environment and blood pressure, the South African experiences. Journal of Hypertension 1:7–12. doi:10.1097/00004872-198306000-00003.
  • Seedat, Y.K., B.L. Rayner, and Y. Veriava. 2014. South African hypertension practice guideline 2014. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 25:288–294. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2014-062.
  • Steyn, K., T.A. Gaziona, D. Bradshaw, R. Laubscher, J. Fourie, and South African Demographic and Health Coordinating Team. 2001. Hypertension in South Africa adults: Results from the Demographic and Health Survey, 1998. Journal of Hypertension 19:1717–1725. doi:10.1097/00004872-200110000-00004.
  • Tzemos, N., P.O. Lim, S. Wong, A.D. Struthers, and T.M. MacDonald. 2008. Adverse cardiovascular effects of acute salt loading in young normotensive individuals. 2008. Hypertension 51:1525–1530. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.109868.
  • WHO. 1999. Guideline set new definitions, update treatment for hypertension. www.whoint/bulletin/news/vol77no3/hypertension.htmwww.gcis.gov.za,2010 ( accessed October 1, 2002).
  • WHO. 2012. Guideline: Sodium intake for adults and chilren. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
  • Williams, E.A., K.E. Keenan, D. Anso, L.M. Simpson, I. Boakye, J.M. Boaheng, D. Awuah, C.A. Nkyi, I. Nyannor, B. Arhin, S. Alder, L.S. Benson, and T.T. Dickerson. 2013. The burden and correlates of hypertension in rural Ghana: A cross sectional study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 7:123–128. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2013.06.015.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.