References
- Abrams, E. T., and E. M. Miller. 2011. The roles of the immune system in women’s reproduction: Evolutionary constraints and life history trade-offs. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 (S53):134–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21621.
- Andersen, L. T., S. H. Thilsted, B. B. Nielsen, and S. Rangasamy. 2003. Food and nutrient intakes among pregnant women in rural Tamil Nadu, South India. Public Health Nutrition 6 (2):131–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002367.
- Arzoaquoi, S. K., E. E. Essuman, F. Y. Gbagbo, E. Y. Tenkorang, I. Soyiri, and A. K. Laar. 2015. Motivations for food prohibitions during pregnancy and their enforcement mechanisms in a rural Ghanaian District. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 11 (1):59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0044-0.
- Aunger, R. 1994 October. Are food avoidances maladaptive in the Ituri forest of Zaire? Journal of Anthropological Research 50(3):277–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/jar.50.3.3630180.
- Awwad, J., I. M. Usta, J. Succar, K. M. Musallam, G. Ghazeeri, and A. H. Nassar. 2012. The effect of maternal fasting during ramadan on preterm delivery: A prospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 119 (11):1379–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03438.x.
- Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage
- Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., M. W. Feldman, K. H. Chen, and S. M. Dornbusch. 1982, October. Theory and observation in cultural transmission. Science 218 (4567):19–27. American Association for the Advancement of Science. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7123211.
- Chanchani, D. 2019, May. Maternal and child nutrition in rural Chhattisgarh: The role of health beliefs and practices. Anthropology & Medicine 26 (2):142–58. Routledge. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2017.1361654.
- Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
- De Cabo, R., D. Carmona-Gutierrez, M. Bernier, M. N. Hall, and F. Madeo. 2014. The search for antiaging interventions: From elixirs to fasting regimens. Cell 157 (7):1515–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.031.
- Dirks, R., G. J. Armelagos, C. A. Bishop, I. A. Brady, T. Brun, J. Copans, V. S. Doherty, Slávka Fraňková, Lawrence S. Greene, Derrick B. Jelliffe, E. G. Patrice Jelliffe, D. Kayongo-Male, Claude Paque, Ernest L. Schusky, R. Brooke Thomas, and David Turton. February 1980. Social responses during severe food shortages and famine [and comments and reply]. Current Anthropology 21 (1):21–44.
- Dressler, W. W., M. C. Balieiro, R. P. Ribeiro, and J. E. Dos Santos. 2005. Cultural consonance and arterial blood pressure in urban Brazil. Social Science & Medicine 61 (3):527–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.013.
- Egnor, M. 1980. On the meaning of Sakti to women in Tamil Nadu. In the powers of Tamil Women. Syracuse: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.
- Fakhrzadeh, H., B. L. M. Sanjari, R. Baradar-Jalili, and M. R. Amini. 2003. Effect of ramadan fasting on clinical and biochemical parameters in healthy adults. Annals of Saudi Medicine 23 (3–4):223–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2003.223.
- Feng, X., and L. Behar-Horenstein. 2019. Maximizing NVivo utilities to analyze open-ended responses. The Qualitative Report Fort Lauderdale, United States: The Qualitative Report 24 (3):563–71. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2213786807/abstract/477591A02DDE4BD8PQ/1.
- Fessler, D. M. T. 2002. Reproductive Immunosuppression and diet: An evolutionary perspective on pregnancy sickness and meat consumption. Current Anthropology 43 (1):19–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/324128.
- Fessler, D. M. T., S. J. Eng, and C. D. Navarrete. 2005. Elevated disgust sensitivity in the first trimester of pregnancy: Evidence supporting the compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior 26 (4):344–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.001.
- Flaxman, S. M., and P. W. Sherman. 2000. Morning sickness: A mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. The Quarterly Review of Biology 75 (2):113–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/393377.
- Geraghty, A. A., K. L. Lindsay, G. Alberdi, F. M. McAuliffe, and E. R. Gibney. Nutrition during pregnancy impacts offspring’s epigenetic status—Evidence from human and animal studies. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 2015, January. SAGE Publications Ltd STM.
- Hadley, C., E. G. J. Stevenson, Y. Tadesse, and T. Belachew. 2012 December. Rapidly rising food prices and the experience of food insecurity in urban Ethiopia: Impacts on health and well-being. Social Science & Medicine 75(12):2412–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.018.
- Heijmans, B. T., E. W. Tobi, A. D. Stein, H. Putter, G. J. Blauw, E. S. Susser, P. E. Slagboom, and L. H. Lumey. 2008. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (44):17046–49. National Academy of Sciences. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105.
- Henrich, J., and N. Henrich. 2010 December. The evolution of cultural adaptations: Fijian food taboos protect against dangerous marine toxins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 277(1701):3715–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1191.
- Hewlett, B. S. 2016, June. Evolutionary cultural anthropology: Containing Ebola outbreaks and explaining hunter-gatherer childhoods. Current Anthropology 57 (S13):S27–S37. The University of Chicago Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/685497.
- Hollen, C. C. V. 2003. Birth on the threshold: Childbirth and modernity in South India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Hook, E. B. 1978 August. Dietary Cravings and Aversions during Pregnancy. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31(8):1355–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/31.8.1355.
- Iradukunda, F. 2020. Food taboos during pregnancy. Health Care for Women International 41 (2):159–68. Taylor & Francis. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2019.1574799.
- Kamath, R., J. A. Majeed, V. Chandrasekaran, and S. M. Pattanshetty. 2013. Prevalence of Anemia among tribal women of reproductive age in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 2 (4):345–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.123881.
- Krupp, K., Placek, C. D., Wilcox, M., Ravi, K., Srinivas, V., Arun, A., & Madhivanan, P. 2018. Financial decision making power is associated with moderate to severe anemia: a prospective cohort study among pregnant women in rural South India. Midwifery, 61: 15–21.
- Lennox, J., P. Petrucka, and S. Bassendowski. 2017. Eating practices during pregnancy: Perceptions of select Maasai women in Northern Tanzania. Global Health Research and Policy 2 (1):9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-017-0028-9.
- Menon, U., and R. Shweder (Ed.). 1998. The return of the ‘white man’s burden’: The moral discourse of anthropology and the domestic life of hindu women, In Welcome to middle age!: (and other cultural fictions), pp. 139-188. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
- Meyer, J., M. Pomeroy, D. Reid, and J. Zuniga. 2016 October. Nursing care of pregnant Muslim women during Ramadan. Nursing for Women’s Health 20(5):456–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nwh.2016.08.001.
- Mor, G., and I. Cardenas. 2010 June. The immune system in pregnancy: A unique complexity. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 63(6):425–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x.
- Moradi, M. February 2011. The effect of Ramadan fasting on fetal growth and Doppler indices of pregnancy. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 16(2):165–69.
- Nag, M. 1994. Beliefs and practices about food during pregnancy: Implications for maternal nutrition. Economic and Political Weekly 29 (37):2427–38.
- Nichter, M., and M. Nichter. 1983 September. The Ethnophysiology and folk dietetics of pregnancy: A case study from South India. Human Organization 42(3):235–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.42.3.43081445235366lk.
- Pearson, A. M. 1997. Because it gives me peace of mind: Ritual fasts in the religious lives of Hindu women. USA: SUNY Press.
- Petherick, E. S., D. Tuffnell, and J. Wright. 2014 September. Experiences and outcomes of maternal ramadan fasting during pregnancy: Results from a sub-cohort of the born in Bradford birth cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 14(1):335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-335.
- Placek, C. 2017a October. A test of four evolutionary hypotheses of pregnancy food cravings: Evidence for the social bargaining model. Royal Society Open Science 4(10):170243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170243.
- Placek, C., C. Roulette, N. Hudanick, K. Ravi, A. Khan, V. Srinivas, P. Jayakrishna, and P. Madhivanan. 2019a. Exploring biocultural models of chewing tobacco and paan among reproductive-aged women: Self-medication or gender equality? American Journal of Human Biology n.d. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23281.
- Placek, C., P. Madhivanan, and E. Hagen. 2017. Innate food aversions and culturally transmitted food taboos in pregnant women in rural southwest India: Separate systems to protect the fetus? Evolution and Human Behavior 6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2017.08.001.
- Placek, C. D. 2017b May. Ethnomedical and sociocultural factors of pica substances in rural South India. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 56(3):238–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2017.1311255.
- Placek, C. D., and E. H. Hagen. 2013 November. A test of three hypotheses of pica and amylophagy among pregnant women in Tamil Nadu, India: A test of three hypotheses of pica and amylophagy. American Journal of Human Biology 25(6):803–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22456.
- Placek, C. D., and E. H. Hagen. 2015 August. Fetal protection: The roles of social learning and innate food aversions in South India. Human Nature 26(3):255–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-015-9239-2.
- Placek, C. D., V. Srinivas, P. Jayakrishna, and P. Madhivanan. 2019b November. Mixed-methods and repeated measures in substance use research: Implications for informant accuracy. Field Methods 31(4):344–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X19871945.
- Pool, R. 1987 January. Hot and cold as an explanatory model: The example of Bharuch district in Gujarat, India. Social Science & Medicine 25(4):389–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(87)90277-2.
- Profet, M. 1995. Pregnancy sickness as adaptation: A deterrent to maternal ingestion of Teratogens. In The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture,p. 327–365. USA: Oxford University Press.
- Raj, A., S. Sabarwal, M. R. Decker, S. Nair, M. Jethva, S. Krishnan, B. Donta, N. Saggurti, and J. G. Silverman. 2011 August. Abuse from in-laws during pregnancy and post-partum: Qualitative and quantitative findings from low-income mothers of infants in Mumbai, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal 15(6):700–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0651-2.
- Rauschert, S., P. E. Melton, G. Burdge, J. M. Craig, K. M. Godfrey, J. D. Holbrook, K. Lillycrop, T.A. Mori, L. J. Beilin, W.H. Oddy, C. Pennell and R. Huang. 2019. Maternal smoking during pregnancy induces persistent epigenetic changes into adolescence, independent of postnatal smoke exposure and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Frontiers in Genetics 10(Frontiers). doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00770.
- Rouhani, M. H., and L. Azadbakht. October 2014. Is Ramadan fasting related to health outcomes? A review on the related evidence. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 19(10):987–92.
- Schoeps, A., R. Van Ewijk, G. Kynast-Wolf, E. Nebié, P. Zabré, A. Sié, and S. Gabrysch. 2018, October. Ramadan exposure in utero and child mortality in Burkina Faso: Analysis of a population-based cohort including 41,025 children. American Journal of Epidemiology 187 (10):2085–92. Oxford Academic. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy091.
- Sengupta, P. 2020. The worship of taste: Rokeya Hossain and the politics of ritual fasting. In Food, faith and gender in South Asia: The cultural politics of women’s food practices, 55–71. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Snell‐Rood, C. 2015. Marital distress and the failure to eat: The expressive dimensions of feeding, eating, and self-care in urban South Asia. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 29 (3):316–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12184.
- Stein, A. D. 2018. Invited commentary: Ramadan, pregnancy, nutrition, and epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology 187 (10):2095–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy089.
- Van Ewijk, R. 2011 December. Long-Term health effects on the next generation of ramadan fasting during pregnancy. Journal of Health Economics 30(6):1246–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.07.014.
- Wadley, S. (2001). Hindu women’s family and household rites in a North Indian village. In Unspoken Worlds: Women’s Religious Lives, edited by N. A. Falk and R. M. Gross, 3rd ed. : 103–13. Wadsworth
- Wiley, A. S., and J. M. Cullin. 2016. What do anthropologists mean when they use the term biocultural? American Anthropologist 118 (3):554–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12608.
- Ziaee, V., Z. Kihanidoost, M. Younesian, M.-B. Akhavirad, F. Bateni, Z. Kazemianfar, and S. Hantoushzadeh. June 2010. The effect of ramadan fasting on outcome of pregnancy. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics 20(2):181–86.