Meromixis and a reconsidered typology of lake circulation patterns

References

• Åbehg, B. & Rodhe, W., 1942: Über die Milieufaktoren in einigen südschwedischen Seen. — Symb. Bot. Upsal. 5, 256 p.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, G. C., 1958: Some limnological features of a shallow saline meromictic lake. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 3, 259–270.
   Google Scholar
• Angino, E. E., Armitage, K. B. & Tash, J. C., 1965: Physico-chemical limnology of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 9, 207–217.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, A. L. & Brook, A. J., 1971: Optical density profiles as an aid to the study of microstratified phytoplankton populations in lakes. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 69, 214–233.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, R. M., Prosser, M. V., Talling, J. F. & Wood, R. B., 1965: Stratification in tropical African lakes at moderate altitudes (1,500 to 2,000 m). — Limnol. Oceanogr. 10, 510–520.
   Google Scholar
• Bayly, I. A. E. & Williams, W. D., 1973: Inland waters and their ecology. — Longman, Melbourne. 316 p.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, C. O., 1963: Middle Atlantic states. — In: D. G. Frey (ed.), Limnology in North America. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison; 191–237.
   Google Scholar
• Bøyum, A. & Kjensmo, J., 1970: Kongressvatn. A crenogenic meromictic lake at Western Spitzbergen. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 67, 542–552.
   Google Scholar
• Bozniak, E. G., Schanen, N. S., Parker, B. C. & Keenan, C. M., 1969: Limnological features of a tropical meromictic lake. — Hydrobiologia 34, 524–532.
   Google Scholar
• Bradbury, J. P., 1971: Limnology of Zuni Salt Lake, New Mexico. — Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 82, 379–398.
   Google Scholar
• Brunskill, G. J. &Ludlam, S.D., 1969: Fayetteville Green Lake, New York. I. Physical and chemical limnology. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 14, 817–829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunskill, G. J., Ludlam, S. D. & Diment, W. H., 1969: A comparative study of meromixis (Abstract). — Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 17, 137–139.
   Google Scholar
• Brunskill, G. J. & Schindler, D.W., 1971: Geography and bathymetry of selected lake basins, Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28, 139–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. H. C., 1961: A preliminary ecological study of a meromictic lake in northern Labrador. — Ph. D. thesis, McGill Univ., Montreal.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, J. H. C., 1967: The meromictic environment. — In: D. F. Jackson (ed.), Some aspects of meromixis. Dept. Civil Eng., Syracuse Univ., N. Y., 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Chebotarev, E. N., Gorlenko, W. M. & Kachulkin, W. I., 1973: Mikrobiologiya 42, 537–541.
   Google Scholar
• Culver, D. A., 1975: Physical, chemical and biological factors in the initiation and destruction of biogenic meromixis in a soft-water lake. — Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19, 776–783.
   Google Scholar
• Delebecque, A., 1898: Les Lacs Français. Chamerot & Renouard, Paris, xi + 436 p.
   Google Scholar
• Derjugin, K. M., 1925: Natur. Sc. Inst. 2, 7–112.
   Google Scholar
• Duthie, H. C. & Carter, J. C. H., 1970: The meromixis of Sunfish Lake, southern Ontario. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27, 847–856.
   Google Scholar
• Eckstein, Y., 1970: Physicochemical limnology and geology of a meromictic pond on the Red Sea shore. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 15, 363–372.
   Google Scholar
• Einsele, W., 1944: Der Zeller See, ein lehrreicher Fall extremer limnochemischer Verhältnisse. — Z. Fisch. 42, 151–168.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1932: Die Schichtungsverhältnisse im Wörthersee. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 24, 253–262.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1933: Alpenseen ohne Vollzirkulation. — Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 28, 295–311.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1934: Umschichtungsvorgänge im Millstätter und Weissensee in Kärnten. — Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 31, 88–98.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1935: Limnologische Untersuchungen im Kärntner Seengebiete. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Stoffhaushaltes in Alpenseen. — Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 32, 369–423.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1936: Die Bedeutung des Klimas für die Entstehung biologischer Seetypen. — Bioklim. Beibl. 1936, 57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1937: Holomiktische und meromiktische Seen. — Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 35, 586–610.
   Google Scholar
• Findenegg, I., 1963: Ein meromiktischer Kleinsee, der Goggausee in Kärnten. — Anz. Österr. Akad. Wiss. 7, 85–98.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, D. G., 1955: Längsee: a history of meromixis. — Mem. 1st. Ital. Idrobiol. suppl. 8, 141–161.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, D. G., 1967: Biological characteristics of meromictic lakes. — In: D. F. Jackson (ed.), Some aspects of meromixis. Dept. Civil. Eng., Syracuse Univ., N. Y., 63–96.
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, C. R., Mason, D. T. & Hobbie, J. E., 1967: Two Antarctic desert lakes. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 12, 295–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, C. R., Mason, D. T. & Wood, B. J. B., 1972: Comparative study of the limnology of two small lakes on Ross Island, Antarctica. — In: G. A. Llano (ed.), Antarctic Terrestrial Biology. Amer. Geophys. Union, Washington, 1–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gorham, E. & Sanger, J. E., 1972: Fossil pigments in the surface sediments of a meromictic lake. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 17(4), 618–622.
   Google Scholar
• Gorlenko, W. M. & Kusnetsov, S. I., 1972: Über die photosynthesierenden Bakterien des Kononjer-Sees. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 70, 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Howmiller, R., 1969: Studies on some inland waters of the Galapagos. — Ecology 50, 73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, B., 1958: Limnetic distribution of Chaoborus larvae in a deep Florida lake (Diptera: Culicidae). — The Florida Entomologist 41(3), 111–116.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, G. E., 1937: A contribution to the limnology of arid regions primarily founded on observations made in the Lahontan Basin. — Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts Sci. 33, 47–132.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, G. E., 1957: A Treatise on Limnology, 1. Geography, physics, and chemistry. — John Wiley & Sons, N. Y. xi + 1115 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, G. E. & Löffler, H., 1956: The thermal classification of lakes. — Proc. nat. Acad. Sci., Wash. 42, 84–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, N. M. & Likens, G. E., 1967: Steady-state thermal gradient in the sediments of a meromictic lake. — J. Geophys. Res. 72, 3049–3052.
   Google Scholar
• Kjensmo, J., 1962: Some extreme features of the iron metabolism in lakes. — Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 24, 244–252.
   Google Scholar
• Kjensmo, J., 1967: The development and some main features of “iron-meromictic” soft water lakes. — Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 32, 137–312.
   Google Scholar
• Kobe Marine Observatory, 1935: Report on the limnological observations taken in the five small lakes in the Koshiki-zima islands, Kyushu, in June and July 1934. — J. Oceanogr. (Kaiyo-Jiho) 8, 163–199.
   Google Scholar
• Kusuki, Y., 1937: Limnological studies of Lake Harutori, Hokkaido. — Jap. J. Limnol. 7, 68–77.
   Google Scholar
• Lair, N., 1975: Sur la production des copepodes dans deux lacs du Massif Central Français. — Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Lande, A., 1973: Studies on phytoplankton in relation to its production and some physical-chemical factors in Lake Svinsjoen. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 72, 71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Likens, G. E., 1967: Some chemical characteristics of meromictic lakes in North America. — In: D. F. Jackson (ed.), Some aspects of meromixis. Dept. Civil Eng., Syracuse Univ., N. Y., 17–40.
   Google Scholar
• Likens, G. E.& Hasler, A.D., 1962: Movements of radiosodium (Na24) within an ice-covered lake. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 7(1), 48–56.
   Google Scholar
• Likens, G. E., & Johnson, P. L., 1966: A chemically-stratified lake in Alaska. — Science 153, 875–877.
   Google Scholar
• Likens, G. E., & Johnson, P. L., 1968: A limnological reconnaissance in interior Alaska. — Res. Rep. 239, U. S. Army Materiel Command Cold Regions Research & Engineering Lab.
   Google Scholar
• Lyalikova, N. N., 1957: Izucheniye protsessa usvoyeniya svobodnoy uglekisloty purpurnymi serobakteriyami v ozere Belovod. — Mikrobiologiya 26, 92–98.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuyama, M., 1973: Some physicochemical features of a meromictic lake Suigetsu. — J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jap. 29, 47–52.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren, I. A., 1967: Physical and chemical characteristics of Ogac Lake, a landlocked fiord on Baffin Island. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 24, 981–1015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meriläinen, J., 1970: On the limnology of the meromictic Lake Valkiajärvi, in the Finnish Lake District. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 7, 29–51.
   Google Scholar
• Motojima, K. & Maki, S., 1958: Studies on the brackish water. I. Geochemical studies of Lake Hamana-ko—on the genesis of natural gas accumulation. — Chishitsu- chosasho Hakoku (Geol. suro. Japan) 178, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe, C. L. & Slater, J. V., 1948: The occurrence of temperatures unusual to American lakes. — Science 108, 385–386.
   Google Scholar
• Newcombe, C. L. & Slater, J. V., 1950: Environmental factors of Sodon Lake — a dichothermic lake in southeastern Michigan. — Ecol. Monogr. 20, 207–227.
   Google Scholar
• Northcote, T. G. & Halsey, T. G., 1969: Seasonal changes in the limnology of some meromictic lakes in southern British Columbia. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 26, 1763–1787.
   Google Scholar
• Northcote, T. G. & Johnson, W. E., 1964: Occurrence and distribution of sea water in Sakinaw Lake, British Columbia. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21, 1321–1324.
   Google Scholar
• Northcote, T. G., Wilson, M. S. & Hurn, D. R., 1964: Some characteristics of Nitinat Lake, an inlet on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21, 1069–1081.
   Google Scholar
• Olszewski, P., 1951: The thermal conditions of mountain lakes. — Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. 3, 239–290.
   Google Scholar
• Paschalski, J., 1964: Circulation types of lakes. — Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 12, 383–408.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, J., 1968: Un lac meromictique, le Pavin. — Annls. Stn. biol. Besse-en-Chandesse 3, 147–170.
   Google Scholar
• Petrovskij, W. F. & Von Ditmar, B. P., 1912: Proc. Imper. Russian Geogr. Soc. 48, 225–280.
   Google Scholar
• Ragotzkie, R. A. & Likens, G. E., 1964: The heat balance of two antarctic lakes. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 9(3), 412–425.
   Google Scholar
• Ruttner, F., 1937: Limnologische Studien an einigen Seen der Ostalpen. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 32, 167–319.
   Google Scholar
• Schindler, D. W. & Holmgren, S. K., 1971: Primary production and phytoplankton in the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, and other low carbonate waters, and a liquid scintillation method for determining 14C activity in photosynthesis. — J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 28, 189–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, W., 1915: Über den Energiegehalt der Seen. Mit Beispielen vom Lunzer Untersee nach Messungen mit einem einfachen Temperaturlot. — Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 6. Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L. L., 1941: A limnological investigation of a permanently stratified lake in the Huron Mountain region of northern Michigan. — Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 26, 281–296.
   Google Scholar
• Sorokin, Yu. I., 1970: Inter-relations between sulphur and carbon turnover in meromictic lakes. — Arch. Hydrobiol. 66, 391–446.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, K. M., Malueg, K. W. & Sager, P. E., 1966: Comparative winter studies on dimictic and meromictic lakes. — Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 16, 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Straşkraba, V. et. al., MS, 1967: First contribution to the limnology of Cuban Lakes and reservoirs. — Unpubl. mimeo.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, K. M., 1942: Hadeland lakes. A limnological outline. — Skr. Norske Vidensk. Akad.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, K. M., 1957: A lake with trapped sea-water — Nature 180, 982–983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strøm, K. M., 1961 a: A second lake with old sea-water at its bottom. — Nature 189, 913.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm, K. M., 1961 b: Trapped seawater. — New Scient. 13, 384–386.
   Google Scholar
• Strøm,?. M. & Østtveit, H., 1948: Blankvatn, a meromictic lake near Oslo. — Skr. norske Vidensk Akad., Mat.-nat. K1., 1948, 41 p.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, M. & Ichimura, S., 1968: Vertical distribution and organic matter production of photosynthetic sulphur bacteria in Japanese lakes. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 13, 644–655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi, M. & Ichimura, S., 1970: Photosynthetic properties and growth of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria in lakes. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 15, 929–944.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talling, J. F., 1969: The incidence of vertical mixing, and some biological and chemical consequences, in tropical African Lakes. — Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 17, 998–1012.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, W. G., 1960: A preliminary limnological investigation of Round Lake in New York. — M. S. Thesis, Moon Memorial Library, State Univ. of N. Y., Syracuse.
   Google Scholar
• Timms, B. V., 1972: A meromictic lake in Australia. — Limnol. Oceanogr. 17, 918–922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trolle, A., 1913: Hydrographical observations from the Danmark expedition. — Medd. Grønland 41, 271–426.
   Google Scholar
• Trüper, H. G. & Genovese, S., 1968: Characterization of photosynthetic sulphur bacteria causing red water in Lake Faro (Messina, Sicily). — Limnol. Oceanogr. 13, 225–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, P. A. & Buckney, R. T., 1974: Stratification and biogenic meromixis in Tasmanian reservoirs. — Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res. 25, 299–313.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, K. F., 1974: The stability of meromictic lakes in central Washington. — Limnol Oceanogr. 19, 209–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimer, W. C. & Lee, G. F., 1973: Some considerations of the chemical limnology of meromictic Lake Mary. — Limnol Oceanogr. 18, 414–425.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, P.M., Mathews, W. H. & Pickard, G. L., 1961: A lake in British Columbia containing old sea water. — Nature 191, 830–832.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, S., 1932: Vertical distribution of the amount of sulphate dissolved in the waters of Lake Suigetsu and Hiruga with reference to the origin of hydrogen sulphide in their bottom water. — Geophys. Mag., Tokyo 6, 315–321.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, S., 1934: Chemistry of lakes of Japan. IV. Hydrogen sulfide. — Jap. J. Limnol. 4, 11–27.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, S., 1937: Abnormal thermal stratifications of inland lakes. — Proc. Imp. Acad, Japan 13, 316–319.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura, S., 1938: Dissolved oxygen of the lake waters of Japan. — Sci. Rep. Tokyo Bunrika Daig., Sect. C., (8), 63–277.
   Google Scholar