APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A STRUCTURATION PERSPECTIVE

REFERENCES

• Archer , M. 1982 . Morphogenesis verus structuration: on combining structure and action . The British Journal of Sociology , 33 : 455 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bembridge , T. J. 1991 . Technology transfer in small-scale dryland crop production: future challenges . Development Southern Africa , 8 : 479 – 484 .
   Google Scholar
• Bembridge , T. J. 1987 . An overview of the capacity of existing institutions and structures in the less developed areas of Southern Africa to achieve rural development . Development Southern Africa , 4 : 665 – 687 .
   Google Scholar
• Bembridge , T. J. 1988 . Considerations in the technology transfer in the less developed areas of Southern Africa . Development Southern Africa , 5 : 212 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , T. 1981 . Realism and social research . Radical Philosophy , 27 : 13 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar , R. 1975 . A Realist Theory of Science. , Brighton : Harvester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar , R. 1979 . The Possibility of Naturalism. , Brighton : Harvester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brookfield , H. C. 1969 . On the environment as perceived . Progress in Human Geography , 1 : 51 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Carr , M. Simple technologies for villages in Africa . Proceedings of Conference on the effective use of Appropriate Technologies . New York : Lilly Endowment Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , R. 1989 . “ The state and rural development: ideologies and agenda for the 1990's ” . In Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper , 26 Brighton : University of Sussex .
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , A. 1987 . What a difference that place makes: the new structuration of locality . Antipode , 19 : 354 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Coetzee , D. 1992 . Training as an instrument to combat poverty and unemployment: a national and international perspective . Development Southern Africa , 9 : 295 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , C. 1986 . Transforming Rural Poverty into Plenty: A Report on Experiments by TATU in Self-help Rural Development. , Umtata : TATU .
   Google Scholar
• Coombs , P. H. and Ahmed , M. 1974 . Attacking rural poverty: How non- formal education can help. , London : John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , D. 1988 . Working the Land: A Review of Agriculture in South Africa. , Johannesburg : EDA Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , K. R. and Gollege , R. E. , eds. 1981 . Behavioural Geography Revisited. , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , R. and Stea , D. 1973 . Image and Environment. , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , J. S. 1985 . “ Individual action and political power: a structuration perspective ” . In The Future of Geography , Edited by: Johnson , R. J. 174 – 189 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , P. D. 1987 . Appropriate Technology. , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Eckhaus , R. S. 1977 . Appropriate technology for developing countries . International Development Review , 2 : 16 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Eckert , J. B. 1984 . “ Appropriate technology and the development of the Third World Rural Areas ” . In Technology in the Development of South Africa. , Edited by: Spies , P. H. Unit of Future Research, University of Stellenbosch .
   Google Scholar
• Fals-Borda , O. 1984 . Participatory action research . Development , 2 : 18 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. , ed. 1967 . Readings In Attitude Theory and Measurement. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , P. K. 1984 . Appropriate Technology in Third World Development. , Westport , Conn : Greenwood Press . International Development Resource Books No. 4
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1971 . Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1976 . New Rules of Sociological Method , London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1981 . A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. , Vol. 3 , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1982 . “ On the relation of sociology to philosophy ” . In Explanining Human Behaviour: Consciousness, Human Action and Social Structures , Edited by: Record , P. 175 – 187 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1983 . Comment? on the theory of structuration . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 13 : 75 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens , A. 1984 . The Constitution of Society. , Berkerly CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gold , J. R. 1980 . An Introduction to Behavioural Geography. , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goulet , D. 1989 . Participation in development: new avenues . World Development , 17 : 165 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory , D. 1985 . “ People, places and practices: the future of human geography ” . In Geographical Futures. , Edited by: King , R. Sheffield : The Geographical Association .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , D. 1989 . “ Presences and absences: time-space relations and structuration theory ” . In Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and his Critics. , Edited by: Held , D. and Thompson , J. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gregson , M. 1980 . On duality and dualism: the case of time, geography and structuration . Progress in Human Geography , 10 : 84 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Gregson , M. 1984 . Continuity and Change in Agrarian Organization in Northwest England, 1570–1800 , U.K. : University of Durham . Unpublished Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gregson , M. 1987 . Structuration theory: some thoughts on the possibilities for empirical research . Environment & Planning: Society and Space , 5 : 73 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guelke , L. 1974 . An idealist alternative in Human Geography . Annals of the Asociation of American Geographers , 64 : 193 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbach , A. 1988 . The South African homeland policy and its consequences: An evaluation of separate development . Development Southern Africa , 5 : 17 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanratty , F. 1989 . Evaluation of TATU. , Umtata : TATU Head Office .
   Google Scholar
• Howes , M. 1979 . “ The uses of indigenous technical knowledge in development ” . In IDS Bulletin , Vol. 10 , 12 – 23 . Brighton : Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex .
   Google Scholar
• ILEIA . Participatory Technology Development in Sustainable Agriculture . Proceedings of Workshop . Holland : Leusden .
   Google Scholar
• IMDS . 1982 . Overview of rural development in Transkei Umtata IMDS Publications DP8/82
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. J. 1985 . The Future of Human Geography. , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. J. 1986 . On Human Geography. , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , R. J. 1991 . Geography and Geographers, , 4th Ed. , London : Edward Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Kaldor , N. 1969 . The choice of technology in less developed countries . Monthly Labour Review , 92 ( August ) : 50 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Keegan , T. 1991 . “ The Making of the rural economy: from 1850 to the present ” . In Studies in the Economic History of Southern Africa Vol. 2 South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland. , Edited by: Konczack , Z. A. , Parpart , J. L. and Shaw , T. M. 36 – 63 . London : Frank Cass .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , G. A. 1955 . The Psychology of Personal Constructs. , Vols. 1 & 2 , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd , P. 1979 . Slums of Hope? Shanty Towns of the Third World. , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Lynas , M. G. and Hartzenberg , G. M. 1987 . Rural development interventions: a behavioural perspective. Development of Southern Africa , 4 : 88 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Mabin , A. 1991 . The impact of apartheid on rural areas of South Africa. Antipode , 23 : 33 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Madikizela , R. S. , Cook , C. E. and Tappscott , C. P. 1982 . Appropriate technology in the development of Transkei . Transkei Development Review , 2 : 9 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Mather , C. 1992 . “ Beyond the farm: rural and agricultural geography ” . In Geography in a Changing South Africa: Progress and Prospects , Edited by: Rogerson , C. and McCarthy , J. 229 – 245 . Cape Town : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , J. J. 1991 . Theory, practice and development, a geographical perspective . Theoria , : 93 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• Moos , I. and Dear , J. 1986a . Structuration theory in urban analysis: empirical application . Environment & Planning A , 18 : 351 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulenga , D. 1994 . In from the margins: challenges, possibilities and limitations of participatory research , Umtata : Summer School in Participatory Research, organised by the Research Capacity Building Directorate (HSRC), the Social Science Research and Development Forum and the University of Transkei . December 1994
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim , A. N. 1966 . Questionnaire Design and Attitude Measurement. , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Osgood , C. E. , Suci , G. J. and Tannenbaum , P. M. 1957 . The Measurement of Meaning. , Urbana : University of Illinois .
   Google Scholar
• Pemberton-Piggot , R. 1987 . Raising awareness: appropriate technology for rural development . Development Southern Africa , 4 : 161 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Philips , B. 1987 . The identification of South African technological innovations: a proposed methodology . Development Southern Africa , 4 : 648 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Potgieter , J. F. 1991 . The household subsistence level in major urban centres of the Republic of South Africa , 89 University of Port Elizabeth . Fact Paper
   Google Scholar
• Potter , R. 1984 . Perception research as input into urban planning in poor countries: a comparative project . Perception of Environment , 4 : 4 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , R. 1985 . Urbanization and Planning in the Third World. , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , J. M. 1972 . Images of Australia . Monash University Publications in Geography , : 3
   Google Scholar
• Pred , A. 1977 . The choreography of existence: comments on Hagerstrand's time-geography and its usefulness . Economic Geography , 53 : 207 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pred , A. 1981 . Social reproduction and the time-geography of everyday life . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 63 : 5 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Pred , A. 1985 . “ The social becomes spatial and the spatial becomes social ” . In Social Relations and Spatial Structures. , Edited by: Gregory , D. and Urry , J. 336 – 375 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Quebral , N. 1973 . What do we mean by Development Communications? . International Development Review , 15 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Sayer , A. 1982 . Explanation in economic geography: abstraction versus generalization . Progress in Human Geography , 6 : 68 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer , A. 1984 . Method in Social Sciences: A Realist Approach. , London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Sayer , A. 1985 . “ Realism and Geography ” . In The Future of Geography. , Edited by: Johnston , R. J. 159 – 173 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher , E. 1968 . Small is Beautiful. , London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. 1986 . Time, structuration and the potential for South African historical geography . South African Geographical Journal , 68 : 45 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. 1983 . A case study of structuration: the pure bred beef business . Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 13 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soja , E. 1980 . The socio-spatial dialectic . Annals of the Association of Americal Geographers , 70 : 207 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TATU . 1989 . TATXJ Annual Report. , Umtata : TATU .
   Google Scholar
• TATU . 1992 . TATU Annual Report. , Umtata : TATU .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , F. and Mackenzie , F. 1992 . Development from Within: Survival in Africa. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. 1981 . Geographical scales in the World Systems Approach . Geographical Review , 5 : 3 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. 1982 . A materialist framework for political geography . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers NS , 7 : 15 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , W. H. 1982 . Socio-economic development in Transkei in the context of South Africa's rural-urban nexus Umtata IMDS Publications FD 5/82
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , J. B. 1989 . “ The theory of structuration ” . In Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and his Critics. , Edited by: Held , D. and Thompson , J. B. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thrift , N. 1981 . “ Owner's time and own time: the making of a capitalist time consciousness 1300–1880 ” . In Space and Time in Geography: Essays Dedicated to Torsten Hagerstrand. , 56 – 84 . Lund : Gleerup .
   Google Scholar
• Thrift , N. 1983 . On the determination of social action in space and time . Environment & Planning Development: Society and Space , 1 : 23 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treunicht , S. P. 1991 . Appropriate technology: a discussion of some key issues . Africanus. , 21 : 70 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Yi Fu . 1974 . Review of Gould P. and White, R. “Mental Maps” . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 64 : 38 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , S. D. 1992 . Using sentence completions: a way into world-view . Area , 14 : 177 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Urry , J. 1982 . Duality of structure: some critical issues . Theory, Culture and Society , 1 : 150 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Vlaenderen , J. and Nkwinti , G. 1993 . Participatory research as a tool for community development . Development Southern Africa , 10 : 211 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Walters , S. 1983 . Participatory research: theory and practice . Perspectives in Education , 7 : 170 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Willis , P. 1977 . Learning to Labour. , Farnborough : Saxon House Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Working Group on Rural Development . 1993 . Guidelines For Rural Development in South Africa. , Edited by: Wood , P. C. and Thomas , T. A. Pretoria : Multilateral Technical Committee on Agriculture Environment and Water Affairs .
   Google Scholar