Current approaches to native woodland restoration in Scotland

References

• Adams , W.M. 1996 . Future Nature: a Vision for Conservation , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , E.B. , Covington , W.W. and Falk , D.A. 1997 . Developing the conceptual basis for restoration . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 275 – 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon. Biodiversity: the UK steering Group Report. Vol. 2. Action Plans HMSO London 1995
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , I.A.E. 1994 . Guidelines to the development and monitoring of ecological restoration programmes , Wellington , , New Zealand : New Zealand Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Averis , A.B.G. 1998 . A Scottish guide identifying appropriate new native woodland NVC types based on an open ground survey , Scone , Perthshire : Tayside Native Woodlands . Woodnote 18
   Google Scholar
• Balfour , J. Introduction . Proceedings of Aviemore Symposium . 1975 . Native Pinewoods of Scotland , Edited by: Bunce , R.G.H. and Jeffers , J.N.R. pp. vii – x . Cambridge : Institute of Terrestrial Ecology . In
   Google Scholar
• Balfour , J. 1998 . Scotland's forest . Scottish Forestry , 52 : 66 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Balharry , D. 1998 . “ Case Study — Creag Meagaidh ” . In Native Woodland Restoration in Southern Scotland: Principles and Practice , Edited by: Newton , A.C. and Ashmole , P. 35 – 37 . Ancrum, Jedburgh : Borders Forest Trust . In
   Google Scholar
• Beaumont , D. , Dugan , D. , Evans , G. and Taylor , S. 1995 . Deer management and tree regeneration in the RSPB reserve at Abernethy Forest . Scottish Forestry , 49 : 155 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , J. 1987 . Doing your research project. A guide for first time researchers in education and social science , Milton Keynes : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , S.S. , Fonseca , M.S. and Motten , L.B. 1997 . Linking restoration and landscape ecology . Restoration Ecology , 4 : 318 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , K.D. 1989 . A provisional map of forest types for the British Isles 5000 years ago . Journal of Quaternary Science , 4 : 141 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Box , J. 1996 . Setting objectives and defining outputs for ecological restoration and habitat creation . Restoration Ecology , 4 : 427 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns , J.J. , Mccormick , P.V. and Neiderlehner , B.R. 1993 . A proposed frame-work for developing indicators of ecosystem health . Hydrobiologia , 263 : 1 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callander , R.F. 1995 . “ Native pinewoods — the last 20 years (1975–1994) ” . In Our Pinewood Heritage , Edited by: Aldhous , J.R. 40 – 51 . Farnham , Surrey : Forestry Commission, RSPB and SNH . Forestry Authority
   Google Scholar
• Christensen , N.L. 1997 . “ Managing for heterogeneity and complexity on dynamic landscapes ” . In The Ecological Basis for Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems and Biodiversity , Edited by: Pickett , S.T.A. , Ostfeld , R.S. , Shachak , M. and Likens , G.E. 167 – 186 . New York : Chapman & Hall . In
   Google Scholar
• Clewell , A. and Rieger , J. 1997 . What practitioners need from restoration ecologists . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 350 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , T. and Forster , A. 1997 . “ Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve: wood-land management policy and practice 1944–1994 ” . In Scottish Woodland History , Edited by: Smout , T.C. 190 – 206 . Edinburgh : Scottish Cultural Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Cousens , J.E. 1965 . The status of pedunculate and sessile oaks in Britain . Watsonia , 6 : 161 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , J.H. 1993 . Scottish woodlands: their ancient past and precarious present . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 46 : 155 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Dobson , A.P. , Bradshaw , A.D. and Baker , A.J.M. 1997 . Hopes for the future: restoration ecology and conservation biology . Science , 277 : 515 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenfeld , J.G. and Toth , L.A. 1997 . Restoration ecology and the ecosystem perspective . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 307 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ennos , R. 1998 . “ Genetic constraints on native woodland restoration ” . In Native Woodland Restoration in Southern Scotland: Principles and Practice , Edited by: Newton , A.C. and Ashmole , P. 27 – 34 . Ancrum, Jedburgh : Borders Forest Trust . In
   Google Scholar
• Ennos , R.A. , Worrell , R. and Malcolm , D.C. 1998 . The genetic management of native species in Scotland . Forestry , 71 : 1 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton , J. 1997 . Native woods in the Highlands: thoughts and observations . Scottish Forestry , 51 : 160 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferris-Kaan , R. , ed. 1995 . The Ecology of Woodland Creation , Chichester : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler , P.L. , White , P.S. and Leidy , R.A. 1997 . “ The paradigm shift in ecology and its implications for conservation ” . In The Ecological Basis for Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems and Biodiversity , Edited by: Pickett , S.T.A. , Ostfeld , R.S. , Shachak , M. and Likens , G.E. 83 – 92 . New York : Chapman & Hall . In
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner , A.S. 1974 . “ A history of the taxonomy and distribution of the native oak species ” . In The British Oak , Edited by: Morris , M.G. and Perring , F.H. 13 – 26 . Faringdon , Berks : E.W. Classey Ltd. . In
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , D. , Horsfield , D. and Thompson , D.B.A. , eds. 1997 . The ecology and restoration of montane and subalpine scrub habitats in Scotland , Scottish Natural Heritage Review No. 83 128 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , J.G.S. 1995 . “ Policy framework for the native pinewoods ” . In Our Pinewood Heritage , Edited by: Aldhous , J.R. 52 – 59 . Farnham , Surrey : Forestry Commission, RSPB and SNH . Forestry Authority
   Google Scholar
• Gill , R.M.A. , Gurnell , J. and Trout , R.C. 1995 . “ Do woodland mammals threaten the development of new woods? ” . In The Ecology of Woodland Creation , Edited by: Ferris-Kaan , R. 201 – 224 . Chichester : John Wiley and Sons . In
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , G J. 1995 . “ Rehabilitation of Forest Enterprise native pinewoods ” . In Our Pinewood Heritage , Edited by: Aldhous , J.R. 115 – 122 . Farnham , Surrey : Forestry Commission, RSPB and SNH . Forestry Authority
   Google Scholar
• Hampson , A.M. and Peterken , G.F. 1998 . Enhancing the biodiversity of Scotland's forest resource through the development of a network of forest habitats . Biodiversity and Conservation , 7 : 179 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , D J. , Nolan , D.J. , Madden , S. and Still , M.J. 1997 . The effects of domestic livestock exclosure on broadleaved woodland regeneration in three Scottish Environmentally Sensitive Areas . Scottish Forestry , 51 : 6 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Hester , A J. , Kirby , K.J. , Fraser , J.G. , Mitchell , J.G. , Gill , R.M.A. , Latham , J. and Armstrong , H. 1998 . “ Ungulates and forest management in Great Britain and Ireland ” . In Grazing as a Management Tool in European Forest Ecosystems , Technical Paper25 Edited by: Humphrey , J. , Gill , R. and Claridge , J. 24 – 35 . Edinburgh : Forestry Commission . In
   Google Scholar
• Higgs , E.S. 1997 . What is good ecological restoration? . Conservation Biology , 11 : 338 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs , RJ. and Huenneke , L.F. 1992 . Disturbance, diversity and invasion: implications for conservation . Conservation Biology , 6 : 324 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbs , RJ. and Norton , D.A. 1996 . Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology . Restoration Ecology , 4 : 93 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Housden , S. 1997 . “ Restoration ” . In Biodiversity in Scotland: Status, Trends and Initiatives , Edited by: Fleming , L.V. , Newton , A.C. , Vickery , J. and Usher , M.B. 47 – 251 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office . In
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey , J.W. and Nixon , C J. 1999 . Restoration of upland native oakwoods following removal of conifers . Scottish Forestry , 53 : 68 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Huntley , B. , Daniell , J.R.G. and Allen , J.R.M. 1997 . Scottish vegetation history: the Highlands . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 49 : 163 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Jeanrenaud , S. and Jeanrenaud , J.-P. 1997 . Thinking politically about community forestry and biodiversity: insider-driven initiatives in Scotland . Rural Development Forestry Network Paper 20c, ODI, London ,
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , W.R. 1994 . “ ‘Sunflower Forest’: ecological restoration as the basis for a newenvironmental paradigm ” . In Beyond Preservation: Restoring and Inventing Landscapes , Edited by: Baldwin , A.D. , de Luce , J. and Pletsch , C. 17 – 34 . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , W. , Gilpin , M. and Aber , J. , eds. 1987 . Restoration Ecology: a Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keddy , P.A. and Drummond , C.G. 1996 . Ecological properties for the evaluation, management and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems . Ecological Applications , 6 : 748 – 762 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , D.W. , Tattersall , F.H. , Brown , E.D. and Balharry , D. 1995 . Reintroducing the European beaver to Britian: nostalgic meddling or restoring biodiversity? . Mammal Review , 25 : 161 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , N.A. and Callander , R.F. 1995 . The Native Woodland Resource in the Scottish Highlands , Technical paper 12 London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , N.A. and Callander , R.F. 1996 . The Native Woodland Resource in the Scottish Lowlands , Technical paper 17 London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• McVean , D.N. and Ratcliffe , D.A. 1962 . Plant Communities in the Scottish Highlands , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.L. 1997 . “ Conserving ecological function. ” . In The Ecological Basis for Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems and Biodiversity , Edited by: Pickett , S.T.A. , Ostfeld , R.S. , Shachak , M. and Likens , G.E. 136 – 145 . New York : Chapman & Hall . In
   Google Scholar
• Michener , W.K. 1997 . Quantitatively evaluating restoration experiments: research design, statistical analysis, and data management considerations . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 324 – 337 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalvo , A.M. , Williams , S.L. , Rice , K.J. , Buchmann , S.L. , Cory , C. , Handel , S.N. , Nabhan , G.P. , Primack , R. and Robichaux , R.H. 1997 . Restoration biology: a population biology perspective . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 277 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , M.M. , Covington , W.W. and Fulé , P.Z. 1999 . Reference conditions and ecological restoration: a southwestern ponderosa pine perspective . Ecological Applications , 9 : 1266 – 1277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , A.C. and Ashmole , P. 1998 . How may native woodland be restored to southern Scotland? . Scottish Forestry , 52 : 168 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Newton , A.C. and Humphrey , J. 1997 . “ Forest management for biodiversity: perspectives on the policy context and some current initiatives ” . In Bio-diversity in Scotland: Status, Trends and Initiatives , Edited by: Fleming , L.V. , Newton , A.C. , Vickery , J. and Usher , M.B. 179 – 197 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office . In
   Google Scholar
• Newton , A.C. and Smith , A. 1998 . “ Restoration of biodiversity ” . In Native Wood-land Restoration in Southern Scotland: Principles and Practice , Edited by: Newton , A.C. and Ashmole , P. 62 – 66 . Ancrum, Jedburgh : Borders Forest Trust . In
   Google Scholar
• Niering , W.A. 1997 . Human dominated ecosystems and the role of restoration ecology . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 213 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , M.A. , Ambrose , R.F. and Poff , N.L. 1997 . Ecological theory and community restoration ecology . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 291 – 300 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , V.T. 1997 . The scale of successional models and restoration objectives . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 301 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterken , G.F. 1993 . Woodland Conservation and Management , 2nd edn. , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Peterken , G.F. 1996 . Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate Regions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. and White , P.S. , eds. 1985 . The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. and Parker , V.T. 1994 . Avoiding the old pitfalls: opportunities in a new discipline . Restoration Ecology , 2 : 75 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. and Parker , V.T. 1987 . Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession . Botanical Review , 53 : 335 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. , Parker , V.T. and Fiedler , P. 1992 . “ The new paradigm in ecology: implications for conservation biology above the species level ” . In Conservation Biology; the Theories and Practice of Nature Conservation , Edited by: Fiedler , P. and Jain , S. 65 – 88 . New York : Chapman & Hall . In
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , S.T.A. , Ostfield , R. , Shachak , M. and Likens , G. , eds. 1997 . The Ecological Basis of Conservation: Heterogeneity Ecosystems, and Biodiversity , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Pyatt , D.G. and Suárez , J.C. 1997 . An Ecological Site Classification for forestry in Great Britain , Technical Paper 20 Edinburgh : Forestry Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Racey , P.A. 1997 . “ Current status of vertebrates and trends in vertebrate biodiversity in Scotland ” . In Biodiversity in Scotland: Status, Trends and Initiatives , Edited by: Fleming , L.V. , Newton , A.C. , Vickery , J. and Usher , M.B. 117 – 134 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office . In
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay , P. 1997 . Revival of the Land. Creag Meagaidh National Nature Reserve , Battleby , Perthshire : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay , S. and Dickson , J.H. 1997 . Vegetational history of Central Scotland . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 49 : 141 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , CM. , Foggo , A. and Speight , M. 1996 . Dead wood in the Caledonian pine forest . Forestry , 69 : 275 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , A.J. , Russell , C. , Walker , G.J. and Kirby , K.J. 1993 . Regional variation in the origin, extent and composition of Scottish woodland . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 46 : 167 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Rodwell , J.S. , ed. 1991 . British Plant Communities. Vol. 1. Woodlands and Scrub , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rodwell , J.S. and Patterson , G.S. 1994 . “ Creating new native woodlands ” . In Bulletin 112 , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) . 1994 . Red Deer and the Natural Heritage , 70 – 70 . Perth : Scottish Natural Heritage .
   Google Scholar
• Smout , T.C. 1997 . “ Highland land-use before 1800: misconceptions, evidence and realities ” . In Our Pinewood Heritage , Edited by: Aldhous , J.R. 5 – 24 . Farnham , Surrey : Forestry Commission, RSPB and SNH . Forestry Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Sprugel , D.G. 1991 . Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: what is natural vegetation in a changing environment? . Biological Conservation , 58 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staines , B.W. 1995 . “ The impact of red deer on the regeneration of native pinewoods ” . In Our Pinewood Heritage , Edited by: Aldhous , J.R. 107 – 114 . Farnham , Surrey : Forestry Commission, RSPB and SNH . Forestry Authority
   Google Scholar
• Staines , B.W. , Balharry , R. and Welch , D. 1995 . “ The impact of red deer and their management on the natural heritage in the uplands ” . In Heaths and Moorland: Cultural Landscapes , Edited by: Thompson , D.B .A. , Hester , A J. and Usher , M.B. 294 – 308 . Edinburgh : HMSO . In
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson , N.L. 1999 . Reference conditions for Giant Sequoia forest restoration: structure, process and precision . Ecological Applications , 9 : 1253 – 1265 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steven , H.M. and Carlisle , A. 1959 . The Native Pinewoods of Scotland , Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd .
   Google Scholar
• Stirling , M. 1998 . Ecological restoration of the Carrifran valley in southern Scotland , University of Edinburgh . MSc dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Summers , R.W. 1998 . The lengths offences in Highland woods: the measure of a collision hazard to woodland birds . Forestry , 71 : 73 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , D.B.A. , Gillings , S.D. , Galbraith , C.A. , Redpath , S.M. and Drewitt , J. 1997 . “ The contribution of game management to biodiversity: a review of the importance of grouse moors for upland birds ” . In Biodiversity in Scotland: Status, Trends and Initiatives , Edited by: Fleming , L.V. , Newton , A.C. , Vickery , J. and Usher , M.B. 198 – 212 . Edinburgh : The Stationery Office . In
   Google Scholar
• Tipping , R. 1994 . The form and fate of Scotland's woodlands . Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland , 124 : 1 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Tipping , R. 1997 . Vegetation history of southern Scotland . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 49 : 151 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Tipping , R. 1998 . “ The application of palaeoecology to native woodland restoration: Carrifran as a case study ” . In Native Woodland Restoration in Southern Scotland: Principles and Practice , Edited by: Newton , A.C. and Ashmole , P. 9 – 21 . Ancrum, Jedburgh : Borders Forest Trust . In
   Google Scholar
• Towers , W. , Hester , A. , Malcolm , A. , Stone , D. and Gray , H. 2000 . Modelling Native Woodland Potential in the Scottish Uplands . Landscape Research , 25 ( 3 )
   Google Scholar
• Watson Featherstone , A. 2000 . Ecological restoration of natural forests: the two main approaches . Reforesting Scotland , 23 : 12 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , T. 1997 . Introductory Statistics for Biology Students , London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Weigand , J. , Mitchell , A. and Morgan , D. 1992 . Coastal temperate rain forests: definition and global distribution with particular emphasis on North America . Ecotrust Report, Ecotrust, Portland, Oregon ,
   Google Scholar
• White , P.S. and Walker , J.L. 1997 . Approximating nature's variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology . Restoration Ecology , 5 : 338 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrell , R. 1996 . The Boreal Forests of Scotland , Technical Paper 14 Edinburgh : Forestry Commission .
   Google Scholar
• Worrell , R. and Malcolm , D.C. 1998 . Anomalies in the distribution of Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) populations in Scotland . Botanical Journal of Scotland , 50 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Wormell , P. 1977 . Woodland insect population changes on the Isle of Rhum in relation to forest history and woodland restoration . Scottish Forestry , 31 : 13 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Worster , D. 1994 . Nature and the disorder of history . Environmental History Review , 18 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wyant , J.G. , Meganck , R.A. and Ham , S.H. 1995 . A planning and decision-making framework for ecological restoration . Environmental Management , 19 : 789 – 796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar