- AFRICA COOPERATIVE ACTION TRUST (ACAT) . 1997 . Participatory agro-forestry programme for the Eastern Cape , Umtata : ACAT Head Office .
- AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC) . 1994 . The Reconstruction and Development Programme , Johannesburg : Umanyano .
- ARNOLD , SH . 1989 . Sustainable development: a solution to the development puzzle? . Journal of the Society for International Development , 2 ( 3 ) : 21 – 5 .
- BACHRACH , P and BARATZ , MS . 1970 . Power and poverty: theory and practice , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- BENJAMINSEN , TA . 1997 . Natural resource management: paradigm shifts and the decentralization reform in Mali . Human Ecology , 25 ( 1 ) : 121 – 43 .
- BHASKAR , R . 1975 . A realist theory of science , Cambridge : Harvester .
- BHASKAR , R . 1986 . Scientific realism and human emancipation , London : Verso .
- BHASKAR , R . 1991 . Philosophy and the idea of freedom , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
- BLACKIE , P and BROOKFIELD , H . 1987 . Land degradation and society , London : Methuen .
- BLAIKIE , P . 1985 . The political economy of soil erosion in developing countries , New York : Longman .
- BOSCOVITCH , RJ . 1966 . A theory of natural necessity , Boston : MIT Press .
- BOUDON , R . 1982 . The unintended consequences of social action , London : Macmillan .
- BRUNDTLAND , GH . 1987 . Our common future , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- CORBETT , M . 1987 . Community projects: the possibilities in South Africa . Development Southern Africa , 4 ( 2 ) : 324 – 33 .
- DEPARTMENT OF WATER AFFAIRS AND FORESTRY (DWAF) . 1996 . Sustainable forest development in South Africa: the policy of the Government of National Unity , Pretoria : DWAF . White paper
- DEWEES , P . 1989 . The fuelwood crisis reconsidered: observations on the dynamics of abundance and scarcity . World Development , 17 ( 8 ) : 1159 – 72 .
- DOVERS , S . 1989 . Sustainability: definitions, clarifications and contexts . Journal of the Society for International Development , 2 ( 3 ) : 33 – 6 .
- DYER , ST . 1996 . Fuelwoods used in rural South Africa . Development Southern Africa , 13 ( 3 ) : 485 – 97 .
- FALS-BORDA , O . 1984 . Participatory action research . Development , 2 ( 1 ) : 18 – 30 .
- FAY , B . 1977 . Social theory and political practice , London : George Allen & Unwin .
- FORTMAN , L and ROCHELEAU , D . 1985 . Women and agro-forestry: four myths and three case studies . Agro Forestry Systems , 2 ( 4 ) : 253 – 72 .
- FRASER-TAYLOR , D and MACKENZIE , F , eds. 1992 . Development from within: survival in rural Africa , London : Routledge .
- FUGGLE , R and RABBIE , M . 1992 . Environmental management in South Africa , Cape Town : Juta .
- GREGERSEN , H . 1989 . People and trees: the role of social forestry in sustainable development. Seminar Series, economic Development Institute , Washington, DC : World Bank .
- HABERMAS , J . 1978 . Knowledge and human interests , London : Heinemann .
- HABERMAS , J . 1987 . The theory of communicative action , Vol 2 , Cambridge : Polity .
- HALBACH , A . 1988 . The South African homeland policy and its consequences: an evaluation of separate development . Development Southern Africa , 5 ( 4 ) : 161 – 82 .
- HARRÉ , R and MADDEN , H . 1975 . Causal powers: a theory of natural necessity , Oxford : Blackwell .
- HOBART , M , ed. 1993 . An anthropological critique of development , London : Longman .
- HOSKINS , M . 1979 . Women in forestry for local community development: a programming guide , Washington, DC : United States Agency for International Development .
- JEPPE , WJO . 1985 . Community development: an African rural approach , Pretoria : African Institute of South Africa .
- KEAT , R and URRY , J . 1982 . Social theory and science, 2nd edn , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
- KEYFITZ , N and DORFMAN , R . 1991 . The market economy is the best but not the easiest. Mimeograph, Department of Economics , New York : New York University .
- LAND AND AGRICULTURE POLICY CENTRE (LAPC) . 1996 . “ Wild Coast Spatial Development Initiative ” . In Natural Resource Management Programme , Johannesburg : LAPC .
- LUKACKS , G . 1978 . The ontology of social being , London : Longman .
- MABIN , A . 1991 . The impacts of apartheid on the rural areas of South Africa . Antipode , 23 ( 2 ) : 33 – 47 .
- MARTINEZ-ALLIER , J . 1990 . Poverty as a cause of environmental degradation? Manuscript prepared for the World Bank , Washington, DC : World Bank .
- MCDOUGALL , S , ed. 1990 . Sustainable agriculture in Africa , Trenton, NJ : Africa World Press .
- OLLMAN , B . 1976 . Alienation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- OLSON , M . 1965 . The logic of collective action , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
- OSBORN , L . 1990 . “ Women and trees: indigenous relations and agro-forestry development ” . In Sustainable agriculture in Africa , Edited by: McDougall , EA . 135 – 50 . Trenton, NJ : African World Press .
- PEZZY , S . 1989 . Economic analysis, growth and Sustainable development , Department of the Environment, Working Paper No 15 Washington, DC : World Bank .
- QUEBRAL , NN . 1973 . What do we mean by development communications? . International Development Review , 15 ( 2 ) : 19 – 27 .
- RAMPHELE , M , ed. 1991 . Restoring the land: environment and change in post-apartheid South Africa , London : Panos .
- REDCLIFT , M . 1987 . Sustainable development , London : Methuen .
- RICHARDS , P . 1979 . Community environmental knowledge and African rural development . Institute for Development Studies Bulletin , 10 ( 2 ) : 28 – 36 .
- SAYER , A . 1979 . Epistemology and conceptions of people and nature in geography . Geoforum , 10 ( 1 ) : 19 – 43 .
- SAYER , A . 1981 . Abstraction: a realist interpretation . Radical Philosophy , 28 ( 2 ) : 6 – 15 .
- SAYER , A . 1992 . Method in social science: a realist approach , London : Hutchinson .
- SCHNAIBERG , A . 1980 . The environment: from surplus to scarcity , New York : Oxford University Press .
- SHACKLETON , M . 1994 . Growing more trees for fuel wood in the Northern Transvaal or redistribution after Sustainable harvesting? . Development Southern Africa , 11 ( 4 ) : 587 – 97 .
- SHONE , KA . 1990 . Guide to tree planting in Transkei , Umtata, Eastern Cape : Department of Agriculture and Forestry .
- SKUTCH , M . 1985 . Forestry by the people for the people -- some major problems in Tanzania's Village Afforestation Programme . International Tree Crops Journal , 3 : 147 – 70 .
- SMITH , D . 1987 . Back to the good life: towards an enlarged conception of social justice . Environment and Planning -- Society and Space , 15 ( 1 ) : 19 – 35 .
- STRAUSS , AL and CORBIN , J . 1990 . Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques , London : Sage .
- VAN DER WATT , T . 1991 . Forestry industry's woodlots programme . Development Southern Africa , 8 ( 4 ) : 509 – 16 .
- WALTERS , S . 1983 . Participatory research: theory and practice . Perspectives in Education , 7 ( 3 ) : 170 – 5 .
- WARREN , MD , SLIKKERVEER , LJ and BROKENSHA , D . 1995 . The cultural dimension of development: indigenous knowledge systems , London : Intermediate Technology Publications .
- WORLD BANK . 1996 . “ Towards environmentally Sustainable development ” . In Practice Series , Washington, DC : World Bank .
- WATTS , M . 1983 . Hazards and crises: a political economy of drought and famine in Nigeria . Antipode , 15 ( 1 ) : 24 – 34 .
- YIRENKYI-BOATENG , S . 1975 . “ The role of agricultural settlement farms in the development of the upper region of Ghana ” . In Unpublished MSc degree in Urban and Regional Planning , Kumasi, Ghana : University of Science and Technology .
- YIRENKYI-BOATENG , S . 1995 . Appropriate technology and rural development: a structuration perspective . South African Geographical Journal , 77 ( 2 ) : 56 – 67 .
Free access
Rural afforestation programmes for sustainable rural development: How realist conceptualisation can help
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.