1,092
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Livestock production economics on communal land in Botswana: effects of tenure, scale and subsidies

, &
Pages 327-345 | Published online: 02 Sep 2008

REFERENCES

  • ABEL , N OJ . 1993 . “ Reducing cattle numbers on southern African communal range: is it worth it? ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 173 – 95 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • ABEL , N OJ . 1997 . Mis-measurement of the productivity and sustainability of African communal rangelands: a case study and some principles from Botswana . Ecological Economics , 23 : 113 – 33 .
  • ABEL , N OJ and BLAIKIE , P M . 1989 . Land degradation, stocking rates and conservation policies in the communal rangelands of Botswana and Zimbabwe . Land Degradation and Rehabilitation , 1 : 101 – 23 .
  • ABEL , N OJ , FLINT , M E , HUNTER , N D , CHANDLER , D and MAKA , G . 1987 . “ Cattle-keeping, ecological change and communal management in Ngwaketse ” . In International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa, Integrated Farming Pilot Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Gaborone and Overseas Development Group , Norwich, , UK : University of East Anglia .
  • ARNTZEN , J W . 1989 . “ Environmental pressure and adaptation in rural Botswana ” . The Netherlands : Free University of Amsterdam . PhD Thesis
  • ARNTZEN , J W . 1998 . Economic valuation of communal rangelands in Botswana: a case study , London : International Institute for Environment and Development . Collaborative Research in the Economics of Environment and Development Working Paper No. 17 Amsterdam: Institute for Environmental Studies
  • ARNTZEN , J W and VEENENDAAL , E M . 1986 . “ A profile of environment and development in Botswana ” . In Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands and National Institute for Research and Documentation , Gaborone, , Botswana : University of Botswana .
  • ASHLEY , C and LAFRANCHI , C . 1997 . Livelihood strategies of rural households in Caprivi: implications for conservancies and natural resource management , Windhoek, , Namibia : Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism . Research Discussion Paper No. 20
  • BAILEY , C R . 1982 . “ Cattle husbandry in the communal areas of eastern Botswana ” . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University . PhD Thesis
  • BARNES , J I . 1994 . “ Alternative uses for natural resources in Botswana: wildlife utilisation ” . In Botswana in the 21st century , Edited by: Brothers , S , Hermans , J and Nteta , D . 323 – 36 . Gaborone, , Botswana : The Botswana Society .
  • BARNES , J I . 1998 . “ Wildlife economics: a study of direct use values in Botswana's wildlife sector ” . UK : University of London . PhD Thesis
  • BARNES , J I . 2002 . “ The economic returns to wildlife management in southern Africa ” . In Valuing the environment in developing countries: case studies , Edited by: Pearce , D , Pearce , C and Palmer , C . 274 – 88 . Cheltenham, , UK : Edward Elgar .
  • BARNES , J I , CANNON , J and MORRISON , K . 2001 . “ Economic returns to selected land uses in Ngamiland, Botswana ” . Washington, DC : Conservation International . Unpublished report
  • BARNES , J I , BOYD , C and CANNON , J . Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress . 26 July–1 August , Durban, South Africa. Economic incentives for rangeland management in northern Botswana: implications for biodiversity , pp. 203 – 12 .
  • BARRETT , J C . 1992 . The economic role of cattle in communal farming systems in Zimbabwe , London : Overseas Development Institute . Pastoral Development Network Paper No. 32b
  • BEHNKE , R H . 1982 . “ Closing the gap: a reevaluation of the APRU studies of cattle post and ranch productivity ” . In Botswana's first livestock development project and its future implications , Edited by: Hitchcock and R , K . 75 – 87 . Gaborone, , Botswana : National Institute of Development and Cultural Research, University College of Botswana .
  • BEHNKE , R H . 1985 . Measuring the benefits of subsistence versus commercial livestock production in Africa . Agricultural Systems , 16 : 109 – 35 .
  • BEHNKE , R H and KERVEN , C . 1994 . Redesigning for risk: tracking and buffering environmental variability in Africa's rangelands , London : Overseas Development Institute . ODI Natural Resource Perspectives No. 1
  • BEHNKE , R H and SCOONES , I . 1993 . “ Rethinking range ecology: implications for rangeland management in Africa ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 1 – 30 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • BEKURE , S . 1982 . “ The economics of commercial ranches ” . In Botswana's first livestock development project and its future implications , Edited by: Hitchcock and R , K . 209 – 16 . Gaborone, , Botswana : National Institute of Development and Cultural Research, University College of Botswana .
  • BELL , R HV . 1984 . “ Carrying capacity and off-take quotas ” . In Conservation and wildlife management in Africa , Edited by: Bell , RHV and McShane-Caluzi , E . 145 – 81 . Washington, DC : Peace Corps .
  • BENNETT , J and BARRETT , H . Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress . 26 July–1 August , Durban, South Africa. Rangeland management in communal areas of central Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: a study of two contrasting cases , pp. 1583 – 5 .
  • BIOT , Y . 1993 . “ How long can high stocking densities be sustained? ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 153 – 72 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • BIRCH , I and SHURIA , H AO . 2002 . Taking charge of the future: pastoral institution building in northern Kenya , London : International Institute for Environment and Development . Issue Paper No. 114
  • BRUCE , J W and MEARNS , R . 2002 . Natural resource management and land policy in developing countries: lessons learned and new challenges for the World Bank , London : International Institute for Environment and Development . Issue Paper No. 115
  • BUCK , N G . Beef cattle production research in Botswana and its relevance to drought conditions . Proceedings of the symposium on drought in Botswana , Edited by: Hinchey and M , T . pp. 250 – 4 . Gaborone : Botswana Society .
  • CAMPBELL , B M , DORÉ , D , LUCKERT , M , MUKAMURI , B and GAMBIZA , J . 2000 . Economic comparisons of livestock production in communal grazing lands in Zimbabwe . Ecological Economics , 33 : 413 – 38 .
  • CAMPBELL , B M , JEFFREY , S , KOZANAYI , W , LUCKERT , M , MUTAMBA , M and ZINDI , C . 2002 . Household livelihoods in semi-arid regions: options and constraints , Bogor Barat, , Indonesia : Center for International Forestry Research .
  • CENTRAL ECONOMIC ADVISORY SERVICE . 1989 . Manual for cost–benefit analysis in South Africa , Pretoria : CEAS .
  • CLARK , C W . 1985 . Bioeconomic modelling and fisheries management , New York : John Wiley and Sons .
  • DANCKWERTS , J P . 1974 . “ A socio-economic study of veld management in the tribal areas of Victoria Province ” . Salisbury, Rhodesia, , Zimbabwe : Department of Agriculture, University of Rhodesia . Unpublished report
  • DE LEEUW , P N and TOTHILL , J C . 1993 . “ The concept of rangeland carrying capacity in sub-Saharan Africa – myth or reality? ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 77 – 88 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • DEVITT , P . 1982 . The management of communal grazing in Botswana , London : Overseas Development Institute . Pastoral Network Paper No. 14d
  • DIVISION OF ECONOMICS AND MARKETS . 1952 . Agro-economic survey of the Union V (extensive cattle farming areas) , Pretoria : Government Printer . Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 325
  • EDWARDS , E O , AMANI , H , FRANKENBERGER , T R and JANSEN , D . 1989 . Agricultural sector assessment: a strategy for the future development of agriculture in Botswana , Gaborone, , Botswana : USAID and Ministry of Agriculture .
  • ELLIS , J E , COUGHENOUR , M B and SWIFT , D M . 1993 . “ Climate variability, ecosystem stability, and the implications for range and livestock development ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 31 – 41 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • FITTER , J C , KRESSIRER , R F , KROLL , T , KRUGER , A S , NEUMANN , N PK and WERNER , W . 2001 . Coping in a fragile environment, the SARDEP experience: the sustainable animal and range development programme (SARDEP) in the communal areas of Namibia , Windhoek, , Namibia : Desert Research Foundation of Namibia .
  • FLINT , M ES . 1986 . Crop and livestock production in the Pelotshetlha lands area: the main report of the IFPP Phase 2 Farm Management Survey , Vol. 2 , Lobatse, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture . Integrated Farming Pilot Project
  • GITTINGER , J P . 1982 . Economic analysis of agricultural projects , Second edition. , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • HUBBARD , M . 1982 . “ Comparisons of cattle herd performance in Botswana and their consequences for cattle production investment planning: additional observations from the 1979 and 1980 ‘agricultural statistics’ ” . In Botswana's first livestock development project and its future implications , Edited by: Hitchcock and R , K . 62 – 74 . Gaborone, , Botswana : National Institute of Development and Cultural Research, University College of Botswana .
  • JANSEN , D J , BOND , I and CHILD , B . 1992 . Cattle, wildlife, both or neither: results of a financial and economic survey of commercial ranches in southern Zimbabwe , Harare, , Zimbabwe : World Wildlife Fund Multispecies Animal Production Systems Project . Project Paper No. 27
  • LANGE , G-M , BARNES , J I and MOTINGA , D J . 1998 . Cattle numbers, biomass, productivity, and land degradation in the commercial farming sector of Namibia, 1915 to 1994 . Development Southern Africa , 15 ( 4 ) : 555 – 72 .
  • LOXTON, VENN & ASSOCIATES & RURAL DEVELOPMENT SERVICES . 1985 . Land allocation proposals for the Marico Block, Bophuthatswana , Bophuthatswana, North West Province, , South Africa : AGRICOR . Mmabatho
  • LUCKERT , M K and CAMPBELL , B M . Seeking improvements from rangelands in southern Africa: can we get there from here? . Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress . 26 July–1 August , Durban, South Africa. pp. 1628 – 34 .
  • MATAMBO , O K . 1988 . “ Shadow pricing in cost benefit analysis of projects ” . Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Finance and Development Planning . Unpublished circular
  • MCGOWAN INTERNATIONAL . 1988 . National Land Management and Livestock Project, a study of the National Development Bank TGLP (Tribal Grazing Land Policy) ranch loan portfolio , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture .
  • MCGOWAN INTERNATIONAL & COOPERS & LYBRAND . 1987 . National Land Management and Livestock Project, an incentives/disincentives study , Vol. 3 , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture .
  • MEISSNER , H H . 1982a . Theory and application of a method to calculate forage intake of wild southern African ungulates for purposes of estimating carrying capacity . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 12 : 41 – 7 .
  • MEISSNER , H H . 1982b . Classification of farm and game animals to predict carrying capacity, Farming in South Africa , Pretoria, , South Africa : Department of Agriculture and Fisheries . Mutton Sheep No. D 4/1982
  • METROECONOMICA ECONOMIC CONSULTANTS . 1996 . Development cooperation objectives and the beef protocol: economic analysis of the case of Botswana , European Commission: DGVIII . Confidential draft report
  • MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE . 1990 . Botswana's agricultural policy: critical sectoral issues and future strategy for development , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture . Draft agricultural policy paper
  • MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING . 1986 . Planning officer's manual , Gaborone, , Botswana : Government Printer .
  • PEARCE , D W and TURNER , R K . 1990 . Economics of natural resources and the environment , London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
  • PERKINS , J S . 1991 . “ The impact of borehole dependent cattle grazing on the environment and society of the eastern Kalahari sandveld, Central District, Botswana ” . Sheffield, , UK : University of Sheffield . PhD thesis
  • PHUTI , L M . 1984 . Herd management study results: 1983 survey , Gaborone, , Botswana : Division of Planning and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture .
  • PHUTI , L M . 1985 . Herd management study results: 1984 survey , Gaborone, , Botswana : Division of Planning and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture .
  • SCOONES , I . 1992 . The economic value of livestock in the communal areas of southern Zimbabwe . Agricultural Systems , 39 : 339 – 59 .
  • SCOONES , I . 1993 . “ Why are there so many animals? Cattle population dynamics in the communal areas of Zimbabwe ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 62 – 76 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • SCOONES , I . 1994 . “ New directions in pastoral development in Africa ” . In Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa , Edited by: Scoones , I . 1 – 36 . London : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • SIGWELE , H K and KHUPE , C . Paper prepared for National Development Policy Conference . June 24–28 , Gaborone. Implications of the World trade Organisation (WTO) to Botswana's livestock sector , Grand Palm Hotel .
  • SYLLA , D . 1994 . “ Pastoral organisations for uncertain environments ” . In Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa , Edited by: Scoones , I . 134 – 52 . London : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • TAPSON , D . 1993 . “ Biological sustainability in pastoral systems: the Kwazulu case ” . In Range ecology at disequilibrium: new models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African savannas , Edited by: Behnke , R H , Scoones , I and Kerven , C . 118 – 35 . London : Overseas Development Institute .
  • TOULMIN , C . 1994 . “ Tracking through drought: options for destocking and restocking ” . In Living with uncertainty: new directions in pastoral development in Africa , Edited by: Scoones , I . 95 – 115 . London : Intermediate Technology Publications .
  • TOWNSEND , R F and SIGWELE , H K . 1998 . “ Socio-economic cost–benefit analysis of action and alternatives for the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in Ngamiland, Botswana ” . Pretoria, , South Africa : Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Pretoria . Unpublished paper
  • TURNER , S . Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangelands Congress . 26 July–1 August , Durban, South Africa. Rangelands in Lesotho: can common property resources succeed in the 21st century? , pp. 1558 – 66 .
  • TURPIE , J , SMITH , B , EMERTON , L and BARNES , J . 2000 . Economic value of the Zambezi basin wetlands , Harare, , Zimbabwe : IUCN (World Conservation Union) Regional Office for Southern Africa .
  • VAN DER SLUIS , T . 1992 . Baseline survey, Western Communal Remote Zone (Planning Zone 6), Ngamiland West, Volume 1: natural resources, socio-economic survey, land and resources utilization , Maun, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture and Ngamiland District Council .
  • VIERICH , H . 1979 . Drought 1979: socio-economic survey of drought impact in Kweneng , Gaborone, , Botswana : Ministry of Agriculture .
  • WHITE , R . 1993 . Livestock development and pastoral production on communal rangeland in Botswana , Gaborone, , Botswana : The Botswana Society .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.