Mega-events and small enterprise development: the 2010 FIFA World Cup opportunities and challengesFootnote

¹The phrase ‘FIFA World Cup’ is acknowledged to be a trademark of FIFA.

Footnote

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Tourism Association Conference, Shanghai, November 2008.

REFERENCES

• ASHWORTH , G J . 2004 . “ Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: managing the heritage of South African apartheid for entertainment ” . In New horizons in tourism: strange experiences and stranger practices , Edited by: Singh , T V . Wallingford : CABI Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• BAADE , R A and MATHESON , V A . 2004 . The quest for the cup: assessing the impact of the World Cup . Regional Studies , 38 : 343 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BASS , O and PILLAY , U . 2008 . “ Urban development and poverty alleviation – legacies of the 2010 World Cup? ” . Pretoria : Human Sciences Research Council . Unpublished presentation
   Google Scholar
• BELL , C . 2008 . “ Tourists' multi-sensory experiences at world expos ” . In Mega-events and urban tourism: proceedings of the 2nd ITSA bi-annual conference , Edited by: Wu , B and Dang , N . Hong Kong : International Tourism Studies Association .
   Google Scholar
• BLACK , D R and VAN DER WESTHUIZEN , J . 2004 . The allure of global games for ‘semi-peripheral’ polities and spaces: a research agenda . Third World Quarterly , 25 : 1195 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOUCHON , F and THONG , K . 2008 . “ Show time for events! The event management education gap in Malaysia ” . In Mega-events and urban tourism: proceedings of the 2nd ITSA bi-annual conference , Edited by: Wu , B and Dang , N . Hong Kong : International Tourism Studies Association .
   Google Scholar
• BRIEDENHANN , J and RAMCHANDER , P . 2006 . “ Township tourism – blessing or blight? The case of Soweto in South Africa ” . In Cultural tourism in a changing world: politics, participation and (re) presentation , Edited by: Smith , M K and Robinson , M . Clevedon : Channel View .
   Google Scholar
• BUSINESS TRUST . 2007 . Growing SMME business together … sTEP by sTEP , 16 May www.btrust.org.za Accessed 10 July 2008
   Google Scholar
• CHANDRA , V . 2002 . “ Johannesburg tourism sector survey ” . Washington, DC : World Bank . Unpublished draft report
   Google Scholar
• CORNELISSEN , S . 2004 . Sport mega-events in Africa: processes, impacts and prospects . Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development , 1 ( 1 ) : 39 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• CORNELISSEN , S . 2005 . Producing and imaging ‘place’ and ‘people’: the political economy of South African international tourist representation . Review of International Political Economy , 12 : 674 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORNELISSEN , S . 2007 . Crafting legacies: the changing political economy of global sport and the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Politikon , 34 : 241 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CORNELISSEN , S and SWART , K . 2006 . The 2010 Football World Cup as a political construct: the challenge of making good on an African promise . Sociological Review , 54 : 108 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANILLER , L . Paper presented at Tourism Indaba Workshop . May 11 , Durban. Your business, TEP, and 2010 ,
   Google Scholar
• DA SILVA , I S . 2008 . 2010 topportunities for small enterprises . The Small Business Monitor , 4 ( 1 ) : 13 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS & TOURISM . 2008 . “ A human resource development strategy for the tourism sector ” . Pretoria : DEAT . Unpublished draft document 08-05
   Google Scholar
• DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS & TOURISM & SOUTH AFRICAN TOURISM . 2005 . 2010 Soccer World Cup tourism organising plan , Johannesburg : South African Tourism .
   Google Scholar
• DICKINSON , J , JONES , I and LEASK , A . 2007 . Event tourism: enhancing destinations and the visitor economy . International Journal of Tourism Research , 9 : 301 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• DONALDSON , R and FERREIRA , S . 2007 . Crime, perceptions and touristic decision-making: some empirical evidence and prospects for the 2010 World Cup . Politikon , 34 : 353 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DU PREEZ , M-L . 2008 . Rights of passage and rebel brothers: South Africa's sporting journey from pariah to point-man . World Journal of Managing Events , 2 ( 1 ) : 25 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• GALDINI , R . 2007 . Tourism and the city: opportunity for regeneration . Tourismos , 2 ( 2 ) : 95 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• GETZ , D . 2003 . Bidding on events: identifying event selection criteria and critical success factors . Journal of Convention and Exhibition Management , 5 ( 2 ) : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• GETZ , D . 2005 . Event management and event tourism , 2 , New York : Cognizant .
   Google Scholar
• GETZ , D . 2007 . Event studies: theory, research and policy for planned events , Oxford : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• GETZ , D . 2008 . Event tourism: definition, evolution and research . Tourism Management , 29 : 403 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRUNDLINGH , L . 2006 . Tourism in 2010 . Discourse , 34 ( 2 ) : 26 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• HALL , C M . 2004 . “ Sports tourism and urban regeneration ” . In Sports tourism: interrelationships, impacts and issues , Edited by: Ritchie , B and Adair , D . Clevedon : Channel View .
   Google Scholar
• HALL , C M . 2006 . Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: the thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism . Sociological Review , 54 : 59 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HALL , C M and PAGE , S . 2009 . Progress in tourism management: from the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism – a review . Tourism Management , 30 : 3 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARVEY , D . 1989 . From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism . Geografiska Annaler , 71B : 3 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• HENWOOD , R and PRETORIUS , R . 2008 . 2010: a dream come true or a nightmare in the making? . World Journal of Managing Events , 2 ( 1 ) : 34 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• HILLER , H H . 1998 . Assessing the impact of mega-events: a linkage model . Current Issues in Tourism , 1 ( 1 ) : 47 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• HILLER , H H . 2000 . Mega-events, urban boosterism and growth strategies: an analysis of the objectives and legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 24 : 439 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULTKRANTZ , L . 1998 . Mega-event displacement of visitors: the World Championships in Athletics, Goteborg 1995 . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• HUMAN SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL . 2006 . A study of the ‘tourism second economy’ Pretoria Report prepared for the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
   Google Scholar
• JAGO , L , CHALIP , L , BROWN , G , MULES , T and ALI , S . 2003 . Building events into destination branding: insights from experts . Event Management , 8 ( 1 ) : 3 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• JOHANNESBURG TOURISM COMPANY . 2008 . Soweto heritage map , Johannesburg : Johannesburg Tourism Company .
   Google Scholar
• JONES , C . 2001 . Mega-events and host-region impacts: determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup . International Journal of Tourism Research , 3 : 241 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• KRIGE , D . Paper presented at the WISER, CUBES, HSRC and Goethe Institute Symposium on ‘2010 and the Life of the City’ . September 4–6 . Consuming the imagination: fantasies about wealth and 2010 Soccer World Cup in contemporary Soweto , Johannesburg University of the Witwatersrand
   Google Scholar
• KRUGEL , N . 20 November 2006 . “ 2010 FIFA World Cup accommodation presentation ” . 20 November , Durban Unpublished MATCH presentation
   Google Scholar
• LAW , C M . 1993 . Urban tourism: attracting visitors to large cities , London : Mansell .
   Google Scholar
• LAW , C M . 1996 . Tourism in major cities , Edited by: Law , C M . London : International Thomson Business Press .
   Google Scholar
• LEE , C K and TAYLOR , T . 2005 . Critical reflections on the economic impact assessment of a mega-event: the case of the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Tourism Management , 26 : 595 – 603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOURENS , M . 2007 . “ Report: PEP Africa Smart Programme: programme design and implementation ” . Pretoria : Tourism Intelligence . Unpublished report
   Google Scholar
• MA , S-C , MA , S-M , ROTHERHAM , I D , EGAN , D J and LIU , T-H . 2008 . “ Residents' attitudes towards the impacts of the 2009 World Games: the case of Kaohsiung city as a host city ” . In Mega-events and urban tourism: proceedings of the 2nd ITSA bi-annual conference , Edited by: Wu , B and Dang , N . Hong Kong : International Tourism Studies Association .
   Google Scholar
• MDODA , Z . 2005 . “ The developmental challenges of the tourism products in Soweto ” . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand . Unpublished BA Hons Research Report
   Google Scholar
• NADVI , L . 2008 . The ugly side of the beautiful game: the socioeconomic impact of the 2010 FIFA World Cup on the city of eThekwini and its ‘poors’ . World Journal of Managing Events , 2 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• NEWTON , C . 2008 . “ The reverse side of the medal: about beautification processes and the effects for the ‘ordinary people’ ” . In Mega-events and urban tourism: proceedings of the 2nd ITSA bi-annual conference , Edited by: Wu , B and Dang , N . Hong Kong : International Tourism Studies Association .
   Google Scholar
• PILLAY , U and BASS , O . 2008 . Mega-events as a response to poverty reduction: the 2010 FIFA World Cup and its urban development implications . Urban Forum , 19 : 329 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• PREUSS , H . 2005 . The economic impact of visitors at major multi-sport events . European Sport Management Quarterly , 5 : 282 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• RAMCHANDER , P . 2004 . “ Towards the responsible management of the socio-cultural impact of township tourism ” . Department of Tourism Management, University of Pretoria . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2004a . Urban tourism and small tourism enterprise development in Johannesburg: the case of township tourism . GeoJournal , 60 : 249 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2004b . Transforming the South African tourism industry: the emerging black-owned bed and breakfast economy . GeoJournal , 60 : 273 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2005 . Unpacking tourism SMMEs in South Africa: structure, support needs and policy response . Development Southern Africa , 22 : 623 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2006 . “ Local economic development in post-apartheid South Africa: a ten-year research review ” . In The development decade? Economic and social change in South Africa, 1994–2004 , Edited by: Padayachee and V . Cape Town : HSRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2007 . Supporting small firm development in tourism: South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme . International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation , 8 ( 1 ) : 6 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2008a . Consolidating local economic development in post-apartheid South Africa . Urban Forum , 19 : 307 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2008b . Shared growth and tourism small firm development in South Africa . Tourism Recreation Research , 33 ( 3 ) : 333 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M . 2008c . Integrating SMMEs in value chains: the role of South Africa's Tourism Enterprise Programme . Africa Insight , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M and VISSER , G . 2004 . Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa , Edited by: Rogerson , C M and Visser , G . Pretoria : Africa Institute of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• ROGERSON , C M and VISSER , G . 2007 . Urban tourism in the developing world: the South African experience , Edited by: Rogerson , C M and Visser , G . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Press .
   Google Scholar
• SAAYMAN , M and ROSSOUW , R . 2008 . The economic value of the 2010 soccer World Cup . Acta Commercii , 8 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• SCHEYVENS , R . 2002 . Tourism for development: empowering communities , Harlow : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• SMITH , A . 2005 . Reimaging the city: the value of sport initiatives . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 : 217 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPILLING , O R . 1998 . Beyond intermezzo? On the long-term industrial impacts of mega-events: the case of Lillehammer 1994 . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 5 : 101 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• SWART , K and BOB , U . 2007 . The eluding link: toward developing a national sport tourism strategy in South Africa beyond 2010 . Politikon , 34 : 373 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SWARTZ , M . Paper presented at the TEP SMME Workshop in partnership with the DEAT . Durban. Update on 2010 accommodation sign-up , 9 May ,
   Google Scholar
• THERON , M . 2008 . The unification goal in South Africa and Africa: the ideological challenge in hosting the 2010 FIFA World Cup . World Journal of Managing Events , 2 ( 1 ) : 56 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• TORISU , E . 2006 . “ Policies to enhance city attractiveness: achievements and new challenges ” . In OECD, Competitive cities in the global economy , Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• TOURISM ENTERPRISE PROGRAMME . 2005 . Soweto tourism product audit , Johannesburg : TEP .
   Google Scholar
• TOURISM ENTERPRISE PROGRAMME . 2006a . Quarterly report, year 7 quarter 2 , Johannesburg : TEP .
   Google Scholar
• TOURISM ENTERPRISE PROGRAMME . 2006b . Annual report for year 6 , Johannesburg : TEP .
   Google Scholar
• TOURISM ENTERPRISE PROGRAMME . 2008 . Towards 2010 and beyond , Johannesburg : TEP .
   Google Scholar
• TOURISM GRADING COUNCIL OF SOUTH AFRICA . 2008 . 2010 accommodation sign-up: make sure you benefit , www.tourismgrading.co.za Accessed 18 May 2008
   Google Scholar
• VADER , D . 2008 . 2010 FIFA World Cup and the SMME – where is the tender? . The Small Business Monitor , 4 ( 1 ) : 13 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• VAN WYK , J . 2008 . The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa: the politics of hosting a mega international event . World Journal of Managing Events , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar