The promotion of maize fertiliser packages: A cause of household food insecurity and peasant impoverishment in high rainfall areas of Zimbabwe

References

• Alvord , ED . 1930 . Agricultural demonstration work on native reserves , Harare : National Archives of Zimbabwe . Department of Native Development, Occasional Paper No 3.
   Google Scholar
• Amin , N . 1989 . Peasant differentiation and food security in Zimbabwe , Social Science Research Council, American Council of Learned Societies, Joint Committee on African Studies . African Agriculture Crisis and Transformation Working Paper series 1.
   Google Scholar
• Amin , N . 1992 . State and peasantry in Zimbabwe since independence . The European Journal of Development Research , 4 (1) : 112 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Bratton , M . 1985 . Financing small‐holder production: a comparison of individual and group credit schemes in Zimbabwe , Harare : University of Zimbabwe . Department of Land Management Working Paper 2/85
   Google Scholar
• Bratton , M and Truscott , K . 1985 . Fertiliser packages, maize yields and economic returns: an evaluation in Wedza communal land . Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal , 82 (1) : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , SE , Chidiamassamba , A , Jeranyama , P , Mafukidze , B , Malekela , GP , Mvena , Z , Mudhara , M , Nabane , N , Van Oosterhout , Sam , Price , L , sithole , N and Dhalimi , R . 1993 . Soil fertility management in Mutoko Communal Area, Zimbabwe Nairobi, Kenya Report of a field exercise, 12 August‐3 September 1992. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme, PO Box 30592,
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistics Office . 1989 . Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey 1988 , Harare : Central Statistics Office . Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development
   Google Scholar
• Chabala , C . Implications of a liberalized agricultural marketing policy on crop utilisation and storage: household, community and district levels . Paper presented to the Planning Division/ARPT seminar on Adaptive Research Data . November 13‐16 , Siavonga, Zambia . Planning and Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Chambers , R . 1989 . “ Reversals, institutions and change ” . In Farmer first: Farmer innovation and agricultural research , Edited by: Chambers , R , Pacey , A and Trupp , LA . 181 – 93 . London : Intermediate Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Drinkwater , M and McEwan , MA . Household food security and environmental sustainability in farming systems research: developing sustainable livelihoods . Presented to the ARPT Biannual Review Meeting . April 13‐16 , Mongu .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , PM . 1976 . Peasant farming on fertile lands . Rhodesia Science News , 10 : 252 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , PM . 1981 . The fertilization of sandy soils in peasant agriculture . Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal , 78 : 169 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , B . 1986 . “ Linkages between the primary production of staple food and marketing intermediaries and processors ” . In Report to UNCTAD Geneva , , Switzerland
   Google Scholar
• Iliffe , J . 1990 . Famine in Zimbabwe, 1890‐1960 , Gweru : Mambo Press .
   Google Scholar
• IRDP/SMC . 1986 . The nutritional impact of agricultural, change in the IRDP Serenje, Mpika and Chinsali Districts Mpika Occasional Paper No 14.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , JC and Collier , P . 1991 . “ Incomes, poverty and food security in the communal lands of Zimbabwe ” . In Rural development and planning in Zimbabwe , Edited by: Mutizwa‐Mangizai , ND and Helmsing , AHJ . 21 – 70 . Aldershot : Avebury .
   Google Scholar
• Latham , MC . 1979 . Human nutrition in tropical Africa. A textbook for health workers FAO Food and Nutrition Series, No 11
   Google Scholar
• McCown , RL , Keating , BA , Probert , ME and Jones , RK . 1992 . Strategies for sustainable crop production in semi‐arid Africa . Outlook on Agriculture, , 21 (1) : 21 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyo , S , Moyo , NP and Lowenson , R . The root causes of hunger in Zimbabwe . Paper presented to Churches Drought Action in Africa . Geneva , Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Mpande , R . 1992 . Where drought is striking most in SADCC . Development Dialogue , July : 11
   Google Scholar
• Mugwira , LM and Shumba , EM . 1986 . Rate of manure applied in some communal areas and the effect on plant growth and maize grain yields . Zimbabwe Agricultural Journal , 83 (3) : 99 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Page , SLJ and Chonyera , P . Access, control and use of information in the communal areas . Discussion paper for the Social Science Research Council (Project on African Agriculture) workshop, Hunyani Hills Hotel . December 2‐8 , Harare, Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Page , SLJ and Ndlovu , Z . Towards improved food security for resource‐poor communal farmers . Proceedings of the Crop Science Society of Zimbabwe. Twenty‐first Anniversary Cmp Production Congress of Zimbabwe . July 2‐3 , Harare. Zimbabwe . Edited by: MacRobert , JF . pp. 50 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Page , SLJ and Page , H . 1991 . Western hegemony over African agriculture in Southern Rhodesia and its continuing threat to food security in Zimbabwe . Journal of Agriculture and Human Values , VIII (4) : 3 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Purseglove , JW . 1985 . Tropical crops: Monocotyledons , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Rohrbach , DD . 1989 . The growth of smallholder maize production in Zimbabwe: causes and implications for food security . Dissertation Abstracts International. A, Humanities and Social Sciences , 49 : 2745
   Google Scholar
• Shumba , E , Dhiliwayo , Hh , Kupfuma , B and Gumbie , C . Response of maize to NPK fertiliser under continuous cropping in a low rainfall area . Proceedings of the Crop Science Society of Zimbabwe. Twenty‐first Anniversary Crop Production Congress of Zimbabwe . July 2‐3 , Harare, Zimbabwe . Edited by: MacRobert , JF . pp. 59 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1991 . Zimbabwe agriculture sector memorandum, February 7, 1991 , Southern African Department, Agriculture Operations Division .
   Google Scholar
• ZIDS . The economic viability of agricultural cooperatives in the Makonl District Union and the role of the union in promoting their development . Report on the seminar held at Tahni Cooperative . December 11‐15 , Makonl District .
   Google Scholar
• Respectively from the International Institute of Parasitology. 395a, Hatfield Road, St Albans, AL4 OXU. UK, and the Zimbabwe Institute of Permaculture, PO Box 8515, Harare. Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Financial support for the fleldwork and data analysis for this survey was kindly provided by the Ford Foundation. We are grateful to Mrs Chikweshera, V Marere. R Munetsi and E Tunha for carrying out the fleldwork. and to John Wilson and his colleagues at the Zimbabwe Institute of Permaculture for administrative assistance. We also wish to thank Richard Plowright. Kate Showers, Simon Maxwell and Ian Scoones for their helpful comments during the preparation of this manuscript.
   Google Scholar