182
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Economic characteristics of the demand for wildlife‐viewing tourism in Botswana

Pages 377-397 | Received 01 Jul 1995, Accepted 01 Dec 1995, Published online: 27 Feb 2008

References

  • Anon . African regional development conference on tourism and economic development . Proceedings of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa/World Tourism Organisation (WTO) Conference . October 16‐9 , Banjul , The Gambia.
  • Barnes , J . The development of Botswana's wildlife resources as a tourist attraction . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Tourism in Botswana . October 15‐9 1990 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 346 – 69 .
  • Barnes , JI . Economic aspects of tourism in national parks and game reserves . Proceedings of the SADCC/GTZ Workshop on Wildlife‐Based Tourism in the SADCC Region . August 17‐24 , Musungwa Lodge, Kafue National Park , Zambia. pp. 151 – 69 .
  • Barnes , JI . Alternative uses for natural resources in Botswana: Wildlife utilisation . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Botswana in the 21st Century . October 18‐21 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 323 – 36 .
  • Barnes , J , Burgess , J and Pearce , D . 1992 . “ Wildlife tourism ” . In Economics for the Wilds: Wildlife, Wildlands, Diversity and Development , Edited by: Swanson , TM and Barbier , EB . London : Earthscan Publications .
  • Borge , L , Nelson , WC , Leitch , JA and Leistritz , FL . 1990 . Economic impact of wildlife‐based tourism in northern Botswana , Agricultural Economics Report No 262 Fargo , North Dakota : Department of Agricultural Economics, North Dakota State University .
  • Brookshire , DS , Eubanks , LS and Randall , A . 1983 . Estimating option prices and existence values for wildlife resources . Land Economics , 59 (1) : 1 – 15 .
  • Brown , G and Henry , W . 1989 . The economic value of elephants , LEEC Paper No 89‐12 London : IIED/UCL London Environmental Economics Centre .
  • Brown , G , Swanson , T , Ward , M and Moran , D . 1994 . Optimally pricing game parks in Kenya , London : Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE), University College, University of London .
  • Chebures , B . An overview of tourism in Kenya ‐ The last decade . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Tourism in Botswana . October 15‐9 1990 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 87 – 95 .
  • Child , GFT and Heath , RA . 1990 . Underselling national parks in Zimbabwe: The implications for rural sustainability . Society and Natural Resources , 3 : 215 – 27 .
  • Decker , DJ and Goff , GR . 1987 . Valuing Wildlife: Economic and Social Perspectives , Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press .
  • De Graaff , G . Must conservation areas be financially self‐sufficient? What advantages must accrue to local inhabitants? . Paper for 17th Regular Meeting of the SARCCUS Standing Committee for Nature Conservation (MUNC) . September 21‐5 , Lesotho .
  • Dixon , JA and Sherman , PB . 1991 . Economics of Protected Areas: A New Look at Benefits and Costs , London : Earthscan Publications .
  • FGU‐Kronberg . 1988 . The contribution of wildlife to the economy of Botswana , Gaborone : Report to Ministry of Commerce and Industry .
  • Fourie , PF . 1984 . Kruger National Park: Questions and Answers , Nelspruit , , South Africa : S.A. Country Life .
  • Fowkes , J . Trends in the tourist industry in Botswana . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Tourism in Botswana . October 15‐9 1990 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 33 – 46 .
  • Fowkes , JD . 1985 . The contribution of the tourist industry to the economy of Botswana , Gaborone : Report to the Kalahari Conservation Society .
  • Gittinger , JP . 1982 . Economic Analysis of Agricultural Projects , 2nd edition , Baltimore , , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • Government of Botswana . 1990 . Tourism Policy , Government Paper No 2 of 1990 Gaborone : Government Printer .
  • Hamilton , CS . 1991 . Game Warden, Moremi Game Reserve Unpublished records
  • Heath , R . Tourism in Zimbabwe: Some important experiences during the last decade . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Tourism in Botswana . October 15‐9 1990 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 98 – 118 .
  • Henry , WR . 1980 . “ Relationships between visitor use and tourist capacity for Kenya's Amboseli National Park ” . Fort Collins , Colorado : Colorado State University . PhD thesis,
  • Hill , A . 1988 . Wildlife parks in northern Botswana: A survey of visitor patterns and densities from 1984 to 1988 together with some recent visitor perceptions , MBA research paper Cape Town : Graduate School of Business, University of Cape Town .
  • Holland , JD . 1993 . A determination and analysis of preservation values for protected areas , Pietermaritzburg : Department of Economics, University of Natal . PhD thesis,
  • Ingram , B , Roberts , M and Fowkes , S . 1985 . An evaluation of gate entry records of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Botswana for the period: January 1984‐June 1985 , Gaborone : Report to the Kalahari Conservation Society .
  • Kalahari Game Services . 1991 . Moremi Game Reserve Management Plan (3 volumes) , Gaborone : Report to Kalahari Conservation Society and Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Ministry of Commerce and Industry .
  • Knobel , R . Certain aspects of tourism in relation to wildlife and nature conservation . Proceedings of the SARCCUS Symposium on Nature Conservation as a Form of Land Use . September 13‐7 , Mozambique . pp. 1 – 4 . Gorongosa National Park .
  • Krutilla , JV and Fisher , AC . 1975 . The Economics of Natural Environments: Studies in the Valuation of Commodity and Natural Resources , Washington, DC : Resources for the Future .
  • Lindberg , K . 1991 . Policies for maximising nature tourism's ecological and economic benefits , International Conservation Financing Project Working Paper Washington, DC : World Resources Institute .
  • Lindberg , K and Huber , RM . 1993 . “ Economic issues in ecotourism management ” . In Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers , Edited by: Lindberg , K and Hawkins , DE . North Bennington , Vermont : The Ecotourism Society .
  • Lindsay , JL . 1986 . Carrying capacity for tourism development in national parks in the United States . UNEP Industry and Environment , 9 (1) : 17 – 20 .
  • Matenge , ET . The development of Botswana's tourism policy . Proceedings of the Botswana Society Symposium: Tourism in Botswana . October 15‐9 1990 , Gaborone , Botswana . pp. 61 – 75 .
  • Mitchell , RC and Carson , RT . 1989 . Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method , Washington, DC : Resources for the Future .
  • Moran , D . in press . Contingent valuation and biodiversity: Measuring the user surplus of Kenyan protected areas . Biodiversity and Conservation ,
  • Muir‐Leresche , KA . Marketing wildlife products and services . Proceedings of the International Symposium and Conference on Wildlife Management in Sub‐Saharan Africa . October 6‐13 , Harare , Zimbabwe. pp. 189 – 202 .
  • National Parks Board . 1992 . Annual report 1991/2
  • Navrud , S and Mungatana , ED . 1994 . Environmental valuation in developing countries: The recreational value of wildlife viewing . Ecological Economics , 11 (2) : 135 – 51 .
  • Pearce , DW and Turner , RK . 1990 . Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment , London : Harvester Wheatsleaf .
  • Peterson , GL and Randall , A . 1984 . Valuation of Wildland Resource Benefits , Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press .
  • Richards , MT and Brown , TC . 1992 . Economic value of campground visits in Arizona , Research Paper RM‐305 Fort Collins , Colorado : USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station .
  • Roberts , M , Ingram , B , Fowkes , J and Fowkes , S . 1985 . A profile of the independent tourist visiting Botswana in 1985 , Gaborone : Report to the Kalahari Conservation Society .
  • Varty , JCB . Economics of a private game ranch . Proceedings of the South African Agricultural Union National Game Congress . September 28‐30 , Golden Gate Highlands National Park , South Africa. pp. 16 – 8 .
  • Von Der Goltz , GF , Woodford , M and Herd , W . 1986 . Study on the economic utilisation of wildlife in Zimbabwe , Eschborn , , Germany : Report to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) .
  • Western , D . 1975 . An assessment of visitor capacities and related planning needs for Mara, Samburu and Shaba Game Reserves , University of Nairobi . Unpublished paper,
  • Western , D . 1986 . Tourist capacity in East African parks . UNEP Industry and Environment , 9 (1) : 14 – 6 .
  • Natural Resources Economist, World Wildlife Fund LIFE Programme, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia. This study was undertaken while the author was employed in the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Botswana. Financial support was provided by the United States Agency for International Development. The author would like to thank MH Sebina, CM Motshubi, TB Molefhe, the late IT Mphela, ON Mpitse, J Mtyutu and CS Hamilton for assistance with the survey, data collection and analysis; R Hartley for advice and support; and SC Modise, MN Nchunga and ND Hunter for permission and support.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.