When ‘community’ is not enough: Managing common property natural resources in rural South Africa

References

• Ainslie , A . 1998 . Managing natural resources in a rural settlement in Peddie district, , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . MSocSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Ainslie , A , Cinderby , S Petse , T . 1997 . Rural livelihoods and local‐level natural resource management in Peddie district. , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . Research report, Institute of Social and Economic Research
   Google Scholar
• Ainslie , A , Fox , R and Fabricius , C . 1995 . “ Towards policies for feasible and sustainable natural resource management: the mid‐Fish River zonal study ” . In Natural resource management case studies: summary reports of zonal studies. , Working Paper No 15 Johannesburg : Land and Agricultural Policy Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Baber , R . 1996 . “ Current livelihoods in semi‐arid rural areas of South Africa ” . In Land, labour and livelihoods in rural South Africa. Vol 2: KwaZulu‐Natal and Northern Province. , Edited by: Lipton , M , Ellis , F and Lipton , M . Durban : Indicator .
   Google Scholar
• Baland , J‐M and Platteau , J‐P . 1996 . Halting degradation of natural resources: is there a role for rural communities? , Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Bank , L . 1993 . Informal settlements in the Transkei, Ciskei and Eastern Cape: a pilot study. , Pretoria : Human Sciences Research Council .
   Google Scholar
• Beinart , W . 1994 . Twentieth‐century South Africa. , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berry , S . 1993 . No condition is permanent: the social dynamics of agrarian change in sub‐Saharan Africa. , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Breslin , ED , Delius , P and Madrid , C . 1997 . Strengthening institutional safety nets in South Africa: sharing Operation Hunger's insights and experiences . Development Southern Africa, , 14 ( 1 ) : 21 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Bromley , DW and Cernea , M . 1989 . The management of common property natural resources: some conceptual and operational fallacies. , World Bank Discussion Paper No 57 Washington, DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson , DF . 1993 . De‐agrarianization and rural employment generation in sub‐Saharan Africa: process and prospects. , Working Paper Vol 19 , Leiden : African Studies Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Bundy , C . 1988 . The rise and fall of the South African peasantry, , 2nd ed. , Cape Town : David Philip .
   Google Scholar
• Charton , N and Katywakadi , GR . 1980 . “ Ciskeian political parties ” . In Ciskei: economics and politics of dependence in a South African homeland. , Edited by: Charton , N . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Ciskei Government . Department of Agriculture and Forestry Annual Report 1984/85. , Zwelitsha : Government Printer . undated
   Google Scholar
• Cleaver , F . Moral ecological rationality, institutions and the management of communal resources. Paper presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property . 10‐4 June Canada , Vancouver.
   Google Scholar
• Cousins , B . 1993 . Debating communal tenure in Zimbabwe . Journal of Contemporary African Studies, , 12 ( 1 ) : 29 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Cousins , B . 1995 . Common property institutions and land reform in South Africa . Development Southern Africa, , 12 ( 4 ) : 481 – 507 .
   Google Scholar
• De Beer , NJ . 1984 . Landbou‐ontwikkeling en gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid in Ciskei met besondere verwysing na die gebied van die Tyefu‐ en Ama‐Gaselastam‐owerhede. , Port Elizabeth : University of Port Elizabeth . Unpublished MA thesis
   Google Scholar
• De Lange , A , Van Averbeke , W Sonandi , A . 1994 . Mid‐Fish river zonal study: a description and analysis of the soils and climate and the agricultural land‐use systems. , Research report Agricultural and Rural Development Research Institute Alice : University of Fort Hare .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Land Affairs (DLA) . 1997 . White Paper on South African Land Policy. , Pretoria : DLA .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Land Affairs (DLA) . 1998 . Land rights bill . Tenure Newsletter, , 2 ( 1 ) Pretoria, DLA
   Google Scholar
• De Wet , CJ . 1995 . Land tenure, economic differentiation and social interaction in a Ciskei settlement . Journal of Contemporary African Studies, , 13 ( 1 ) : 57 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• De Wet , CJ and Leibbrandt , M . 1991 . “ Land reform and regional economy: a Ciskeian case study ” . In Towards a new agrarian democratic order: a Saert reader on the South African land question. , Edited by: Matlhape , S and Munz , A . Amsterdam : South African Economic Research and Training Project .
   Google Scholar
• De Wet , CJ and Van Averbeke , W , eds. 1995 . Regional overview of land reform‐related issues in the Eastern Cape. , Johannesburg : Land and Agricultural Policy Centre . Report for the Land Reform Programme
   Google Scholar
• Drinkwater , M . 1989 . Technical development and peasant impoverishment: land use policy in Zimbabwe's midlands province . Journal of Southern African Studies, , 15 ( 2 ) : 287 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , P and Majeres , J . 1992 . “ Local resource management and development: strategic dimensions of people's participation ” . In Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. , Edited by: Ghai , D and Vivian , J . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• When ‘community’ is not enough: managing common property natural resources
   Google Scholar
• Ghai , D and Vivian , J , eds. 1992 . Grassroots environmental action: people's participation in sustainable development. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Groenewald , DM . 1980 . “ The administrative system in the Ciskei ” . In Ciskei: economics and politics of dependence in a South African homeland. , Edited by: Char‐ton , N . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Hammond‐Tooke , WD . 1975 . Command or consensus: the development of Transkeian local government. , Cape Town : David Philip .
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks , F . 1991 . “ Displaced proletarians in Transkei ” . In Towards a new agrarian democratic order: a SAERT reader on the South African land question. , Edited by: Matlhape , S and Munz , A . Amsterdam : South African Economic Research and Training Project .
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook , GM . 1992 . The structure of an irrigation scheme. , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . Unpublished MA thesis
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , G . 1993 . Social aspects of natural resource management in rural KwaZulu , Cape Town : University of Cape Town . Unpublished MSocSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Kakembo , V . 1997 . A reconstruction of the history of land degradation in relation to land use change and land tenure in Peddie district, former Ciskei , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Land and Agricultural Policy Centre (LAPC) . 1995 . Natural resource management case studies: summary reports of zonal studies. , Working Paper No 15 Johannesburg : LAPC .
   Google Scholar
• Lawry , S . 1990 . Tenure policy toward common property natural resources in sub‐Saharan Africa . Natural Resources Journal, , 30 : 403 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach , M and Mearns , R . 1996 . “ Environment change and policy: challenging received wisdom in Africa ” . In The lie of the land. , Edited by: Leach , M and Mearns , R . London : International African Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , J . 1992. . Headmen, power and social transformation in the Ciskei. , Cape Town : University of Cape Town . Seminar paper, Centre for African Studies
   Google Scholar
• Little , P and Brokensha , D . 1987 . “ Local institutions, tenure and resource management in East Africa ” . In Conservation in Africa: people, policies and practice. , Edited by: Anderson , D and Grove , R . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Loxton , RF and Venn , AC Associates . 1979 . Lower Fish River irrigation project, Vol 2. , Commissioned study report Ciskei : Loxton, Venn and Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Mager , A . 1992 . The people get fenced: gender, rehabilitation and African nationalism in the Ciskei and border region, 1945‐1955 . Journal of Southern African Studies, , 18 ( 4 ) : 761 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mager , A . 1995 . Patriarchs, politics and ethnicity in the making of the Ciskei, 1945‐1959 . African Studies, , 54 ( 1 ) : 48 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Manona , CW . 1992 . “ Local government ” . In Local responses to political policies and socio‐economic change in the Keiskammahoek district, Ciskei: anthropological perspectives. , Development Studies No 55 Edited by: De Wet , CJ , Manona , CW and Palmer , RCG . Grahamstown : Institute of Social and Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Manona , CW . The collapse of the ‘tribal authority’ system and the rise of civic associations. Seminar paper presented at the Institute of Social and Economic Research . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• May , J . 1996 . “ Assets, income and livelihoods in rural KwaZulu‐Natal ” . In Land, labour and livelihoods in rural South Africa. Vol 2: KwaZulu‐Natal and Northern Province. , Edited by: Lip‐ton , M , Ellis , F and Lipton , M . Durban : Indicator .
   Google Scholar
• May , J , Carter , M and Posel , D . 1995 . The composition and persistence of poverty in rural South Africa: an entitlements approach. , Policy Paper No 15 Johannesburg : Land and Agricultural Policy Centre .
   Google Scholar
• Monde‐Gweleta , NN , Van Averbeke , W Ainslie , A . 1997 . Agriculture and rural livelihood in Northwest Peddie district . Agrekon, , 36 ( 4 ) : 616 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Moyo , S . 1995 . The land question in Zimbabwe , Harare : Sapes .
   Google Scholar
• Murphree , M . 1993 . Communities as resource management institutions. , Gatekeeper Series No 36 London : International Institute for Environment and Development .
   Google Scholar
• O'Laughlin , B . 1998 . Missing men? The debate over rural poverty and women‐headed households in southern Africa . Journal of Peasant Studies, , 25 ( 2 ) : 1 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , E . 1990 . Governing the commons: the evolution of institutions for collective action , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , AR and Avis , AM . 1994 . The mid Fish zonal study: description, mapping and evaluation of recent changes in the contemporary vegetation patterns. , Report for the Land and Agricultural Policy Centre Johannesburg : LAPC .
   Google Scholar
• Peires , JB . 1981 . The house of Phalo , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reij , C , Scoones , I and Toulmin , C , eds. 1996 . Sustaining the soil: indigenous soil and water conservation in Africa , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Rihoy , E . The commons without the tragedy? Strategies for community‐based natural resources management in Southern Africa. Proceedings of the Regional Natural Resources Management Programme Annual Conference . 3‐6 April , Kasane, Botswana. Malawi Wildlife Technical Coordination Unit
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau , D , Steinberg , P and Benjamin , P . 1995 . Environment, development, crisis, and crusade: Ukambani, Kenya, 1890‐1990 . World Development , 23 ( 6 ) : 1037 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones , I , Chibudu , C Chikwa , S . 1996 . Hazards and opportunities farming livelihoods in dryland Africa: lessons from Zimbabwe , London : Zed .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , JC . 1985 . Weapons of the weak: everyday forms of peasant resistance , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Setplan . 1985 . Peddie regional study data report , East London : Setplan . Unpublished report
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , J . 1994 . A world turned upside down: households and differentiation in a South African bantustan in the 1980s . African Studies, , 53 ( 1 ) : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Spiegel , AD . 1990 . Changing continuities: experiencing and interpreting history, population movement and material differentiation in Matatiele, Transkei , Cape Town : University of Cape Town . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Stapleton , TJ . 1996 . The expansion of a pseudo‐ethnicity in the Eastern Cape: reconsidering the Fingo ‘exodus’ of 1865 . International Journal of African Historical Studies, , 29 ( 2 ) : 233 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyn , GJ . 1988 . A farming systems study of two rural areas in the Peddie district of Ciskei. , Alice : University of Fort Hare . DSc thesis Department of Agriculture
   Google Scholar
• Tapson , DR . 1993 . Models of land use activities: case study of livestock in the Eastern Cape. , Land and Agriculture Policy Centre Research Paper No 8a Johannesburg : LAPC .
   Google Scholar
• Timberlake , L . 1985 . Africa in crisis: the cause, the cures of environmental bankruptcy , London : International Institute for Environment and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Tipler , DJ . 1998 . Rural and urban population trends in the Eastern Cape Province, 1936‐1991 , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . MA thesis
   Google Scholar
• Toulmin , C . 1991 . “ Natural resource management in the Sahel: bridging the gap between top‐down and bottom‐up ” . In Development research: the environmental challenge. , Edited by: Winpenny , JT . London : Overseas Development Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Breemer , Jpm , Drijver , CA and Venema , LB , eds. 1995 . Local resource management in Africa , Chichester : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , A . 1991 . Land expropriation and labour extraction under Cape colonial rule: the war of 1835 and the ‘emancipation of the Fingo’ , Grahamstown : Rhodes University . Unpublished MA dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , M , Kaplan , S , Maki , T and Walton , E . 1952 . Social structure. , Vol III , Pietermaritzburg : Shuter & Shooter . Keiskammahoek Rural Survey
   Google Scholar
• Agricultural Researcher, Range and Forage Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Grahamstown.
   Google Scholar