References
- Bazilian, M, Rogner, H, Hoells, M, Hermann, S, Arent, D, Gielen, D, Steduto, P, Mueller, A, Komor, P, Tol, RSJ & Yumkella, KK, 2011. Considering the energy, water and food nexus: Towards an integrated modelling approach. Energy Policy 39, 7896–906. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.09.039
- Bell, F, Halbich, T & Bullock, S, 2002. The effects of acid mine drainage from an old mine in the Witbank coalfield, South Africa. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35(3), 265–78. doi: 10.1144/1470-9236/00121
- Bhagwan, J, 2012. Water scarcity – An unresolved issue in many parts of the country leads to protests over service delivery. Press release by Water Research Commission. http://www.wrc.org.za/News/Pages/Waterscarcity%E2%80%93anunresolvedissueinmanypartsofthecountryleadstoprotestsoverservicedelivery.aspx Accessed 15 August 2016.
- Binns, JA, Illgner, PM & Nel, EL, 2001. Water shortage, deforestation and development: South Africa’s working for water programme. Land Degradation and Development 12, 341–55. http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/invasives/Assignment1/Binns.pdf Accessed 12 August 2016. doi: 10.1002/ldr.455
- Blaine, S, 2012. Coming to terms with looming water crisis. Business Day, 16 March 2012.
- Carden, K, Armitage, N, Sichone, O & Winter, K, 2007. The use and disposal of greywater in the non-sewered areas of South Africa: Part 2 – Greywater management options. Water SA 33(4), 433–41.
- Colvin, C, 2011. Coal and water futures in South Africa: The case for conserving headwaters in the Enkangala grasslands. WWF-SA, South Africa.
- CSIR, 2009. An energy-secure South Africa. Sciences Scope 4(1), 52.
- De Fraiture, C, Giordano, M & Liao, Y, 2008. Biofuels and implications for agricultural water use: Blue impacts of green energy. Water Policy 10(1), 67–81. doi: 10.2166/wp.2008.054
- De Korte, GJ, 2010. Coal preparation research in South Africa. The Journal of The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 110, 361–4.
- DEAT (Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism), 2008. South Africa environment outlook. A report on the state of the environment. Executive summary and key findings. DEAT, Pretoria.
- Department of Energy, 2010. South African energy synopsis 2010. http://www.energy.gov.za/files/media/explained/2010/South_African_Energy_Synopsis_2010.pdf Accessed 11 June 2016.
- DWA (Department of Water Affairs), 2012. Full technical report on the implication of climate change impacts on water resources planning in South Africa. DWA, Pretoria.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), 2002. Free basic water: Questions and answers. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/documents/fbw/qabrochureaug2002.pdf Accessed 14 August 2016.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), 2003. Strategic framework for water services. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/PoliciesStrategic%20Framework%20approved.pdf Accessed 20 July 2016.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), 2004. Water conservation and water demand management startegy for the industry, mining and power generation sectors. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/docs/Other/WaterUseConservation/WCWDMimpAug04.pdf Accessed 3 October 2017.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), 2009a. Water for growth and development framework: Version 7. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/WFGD/documents/WFGD_Frameworkv7.pdf Accessed 11 June 2016.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), 2009b. Water resources analysis, Vaal River system: Large bulk water supply recouncilation strategy, DWAF report No: P RSA C000/00/4406/05, DWAF, Pretoria.
- DWAF (Department of Water Affairs), 2012. Feasibility study for a long-term solution to address the acid mine drainage associated with the east, central and west rand underground mining basins, Gauteng province. AMD FS LTS Newsletter Edition 1, July 2012. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Projects/AMDFSLTS/Documents/AMD%20FS%20LTS_Newsletter%2001%20%28Low%20Resolution%20-%204MB%29.pdf Accessed 10 June 2016.
- Diamond, J, 2005. Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed. Viking Press, New York.
- DTI (Department of Trade and Industry), 2013. Water is critical for socio-economic development, says Deputy Minister Thabethe. http://www.info.gov.za/speech/DynamicAction?pageid=461&tid=105439 Accessed 12 August 2016.
- Eberhard, R, 2000. The impact of water pricing on electricity prices. In Spalding-Fecher, R, Afrane-Okese, Y, Davis, M and Matibe, K (Eds.), Electricity and the environment. Paper No. 5: World Wildlife Fund Macroeconomic Reforms and Sustainable Development in Southern Africa Project. Energy and Development Research Centre, University of Cape Town. http://www.eia.gov/emeu/cabs/South_Africa/pdf.pdf Accessed 20 May 2016.
- Eberhard, A, 2011. The future of South African coal: Market, investment, and policy challenges. Stanford Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. http://iisdb.stanford.edu/pubs/23082/WP_100_Eberhard_Future_of_South_African_Coal.pdf Accessed 12 August 2016.
- Edkins, M, Winkler, H and Marquard, A, 2010. South Africa’s renewable energy policy roadmaps. Energy Research Centre, Cape Town.
- EIA, 2013. Independent statistics and analysis: Country report, South Africa. http://www.eia.gov/countries Accessed 3 August 2016.
- Enninful, PJ, 2013. Rainwater harvesting: A sustainable practice for low-income housing in South Africa. Unpublished MSc dissertation. Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersrand.
- Erskine, JM, 1991. Rain water harvesting systems in Southern Africa. In Show-Chyuan, Chu (Ed.), Rainwater catchment for future generations. Proceedings of the fifth International Conference in Rain Water Cistern Systems, 4–10 August 1991, Keelung, Taiwan, Keelung, National Taiwan Ocean University, 574–585.
- Eskom, 2009. Eskom annual report 2009. http://www.financialresults.co.za/eskom_ar2009/ Accessed 15 July 2016.
- Eskom, 2010. Eskom annual report 2010. http://www.eskom.co.za/annreport10 Accessed 10 July 2016.
- Eskom, 2011a. The Eskom factor. http://www.eskom.co.za/content/EskomFactor.pdf Accessed 15 July 2016.
- Eskom, 2011b. Eskom integrated report 2011. http://financialresults.co.za/2011/eskom_ar2011/index.php Accessed 15 July 2016.
- Eskom, 2012. New build programme. http://www.eskom.co.za/c/article/53/new-build-programme/ 3 Accessed 3 March 2016.
- Eskom, 2013. Water management. http://www.eskom.co.za/c/article/240/water-management Accessed 20 August 2016.
- Eskom, 2015. Integrated report. http://www.eskom.co.za/IR2015/Documents/EskomIR2015single.pdf Accessed 22 October 2016.
- Eskom, 2016. Eskom sustainable development framework. http://www.eskom.co.za/OurCompany/SustainableDevelopment/Documents/SustDevelopmframework.pdf Accessed 01 November 2016.
- Feely, T, Skone, T, Stiegel, G, McNemar, A, Nemeth, M & Schimmoler, B, 2008. Water footprint of bio-energy and other primary energy carriers. Energy 33, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2007.08.007
- Friedrich, E, Pillay, S & Buckley, CA, 2009. Carbon footprint analysis for increasing water supply and sanitation in South Africa: a case study. Journal of Cleaner Production 17, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2008.03.004
- Fthenakis, V & Kim, H, 2010. Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14, 2039–48. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.03.008
- GCIS (Government Communications and Information System), 2010. South Africa yearbook 2010/2011: Chapter 8: Energy. http://www.gcis.gov.za/sites/default/files/docs/resourcecentre/yearbook/chapter8.pdf Accessed 12 September 2016.
- Gleick, PH, 1994. Water and energy. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 19, 267–99.
- Greenpeace, 2011. The True cost of coal in South Africa: Paying the price of coal addiction. http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/Global/africa/publications/coal/TrueCostOfCoal.pdf Accessed 15 July 2016.
- Greenpeace and the European Renewable Energy Council, 2011. The advanced energy revolution: A sustainable energy outlook for South Africa. 2nd edn. South Africa energy scenario. http://www.energyblueprint.info/fileadmin/media/documents/national/2011/E_R__South_Africa_May_2011-LR.pdf Accessed 12 July 2016.
- Groenewald, Y, 2012. Coal’s hidden water cost to South Africa. Greenpeace Africa, South Africa. http://www.greenpeace.org/africa/Global/africa/publications/coal/CoalsHiddenWaterCost.pdf Accessed 22 July 2016.
- Hellegers, P & Zilberman, D, 2008. Interactions between water, energy, food and environment: Evolving perspectives and policy issues. Water Policy 10(1), 1–10. doi: 10.2166/wp.2008.048
- Hoekstra, AY, Chapagan, AK, Aldaya, MM & Mekonnen, MM, 2011. The water footprint assessment manual. Earthscan, London.
- Hoff, H, 2011. Understanding the nexus: Background paper for the Bonn2011 nexus conference: The water, energy and food security nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
- IEA, 2010. World energy outlook. IEA, Paris.
- IEA, 2011. Key world energy statistics. http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,26707,en.html Accessed 21 July 2016.
- IEA, 2013. Key world energy statistics. International Energy Agency, Paris.
- Ilemobade, AA, Adewumi, JR & van Zyl, JE, 2008. Framework for assessing the viability of implementing dual water reticulation systems in South Africa. Water SA 35(2), 216–27.
- IRENA & IEA-ETSA,P, 2012. Water desalination using renewable energy. Technology Brief. www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20I12%20Water-Desalination.pdf Accessed 20 July 2016.
- ISCU (International Council for Science), 2017. A guide to SDG interactions: From science to implementation. International Council for Science, Paris. doi:10.24948/2017.01.
- Kharak, YK, Thordsen, JJ, Conaway, CH & Thomas, RB, 2013. The energy-water nexus: Potential groundwater-quality degradation associated with production of shale gas. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 7, 417–22. doi: 10.1016/j.proeps.2013.03.132
- Kings, S, 2016. Eskom blackouts were good for SA. Mail and Guardian, 26 Febuary 2016. https://mg.co.za/article/2016-02-25-eskoms-blackouts-were-good-for-south-africa Accessed 01 October 2016.
- Leese, M & Meisch, S, 2015. Securitising sustainability? Questioning the ‘water, energy and food-security nexus’. Water Alternatives 8(1), 695–709.
- Leitner, A, 2002. Fuel from the sky: Solar power's potential for Western Energy Supply, NREL/SR-550-32160. NREL, USA.
- Lele, U, Klousia-Marquis, M & Goswami, S, 2013. Good governance for food, water and energy security. Aquatic Procedia 1, 44–63. doi: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2013.07.005
- Lilley, R, 2017. Nuclear energy: The best option for South Africa? Energize Magazine. http://www.fin24.com/Opinion/nuclear-energy-the-best-option-for-south-africa-20170531 Accessed 10 October 2017.
- Macknick, J, Newmark, R, Heath, G & Hallett, K, 2011. A review of operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity-generating technologies. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Washington DC.
- Madhlopa, A, Keen, S, Sparks, D, Moorlach, M & Dane, A, 2013. Renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. ERC, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
- Makananise, FC, 2013. A review of the applicability of integrated gasification combined cycle in South Africa. Unpublished masters dissertation, Johannesburg, University of the Witwatersand.
- Martin, B & Fischer, R, 2012. The energy-water nexus: Energy demands on water resources. EMG Water & Climate Change Research Series, Environmental Monitoring Group, Cape Town.
- McCarthy, TS & Humphries, MS, 2013. Contamination of the water supply to the town of Carolina, Mpumalanga, January 2012. South African Journal of Science. 109(9/10), 1–10. Art. #2012-0112, 10 pages. http://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/20120112
- McCarthy, TS & Pretorius, JP, 2009. Coal mining on the Highveld and its implications for future water quality in the Vaal River system. Working Paper, School of Geosciences, University of Witwatersrand. http://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2009/IMWA2009_McCarthy.pdf Accessed 13 August 2016.
- McCornick, PG, Awulachew, SB & Abebe, M, 2008. Water-food-energy-environment synergies and tradeoffs: Major issues and case studies. Water Policy 10, 23–36. doi: 10.2166/wp.2008.050
- Mekonnen, MM & Hoekstra, AY, 2012. The blue water footprint of electricity from hydropower. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, 179–87. doi: 10.5194/hess-16-179-2012
- Mekonnen, MM, Gerbens-Leenes, PW & Hoekstra, AY, 2015. The consumptive water footprint of electricity and heat: A global assessment. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 1, 285–97.
- Miningmx, 2010. Abandoned mines poison SA water. http://www.miningmx.com/news/markets/Abandoned-mines-poison-SA-water.htm Accessed 12 July 2016.
- Molewa, E, 2012. Collaboration is key in resolving water challenges around the country “Let’s approach the water challenges in our areas together”. Press release Minister of Water Affairs, 13 August 2012. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Communications/PressReleases/2012/Collaboration%20is%20key%20in%20resolving%20water%20challenges%20around%20the%20country.pdf Accessed 11 July 2016.
- Munnik, V, Hochmann, G, Hlabane, M & Law, S, 2010. The social and environmental consequences of coal mining in South Africa: A case study. Environmental Monitoring Group and Both ENDs. http://www.woek.de/web/cms/upload/pdf/kasa/publikationen/munnik_2010_the_social_and_environmental_consequences_of_coal_mining_in_sa.pdf Accessed 12 July 2016.
- Mushtaq, S, Maraseni, TN, Maroulis, J & Hafeez, M, 2009. Energy and water trade-offs in enhancing food security: A selective international assessment. Energy Policy 37, 3635–44. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.04.030
- Netshitungulwana, R, Yibas, B, Novhe, O & Motlakeng, T, 2013. Stream sediment geochemistry of the areas impacted by mining around Emalahleni (formerly know as Witbank), South Africa: Fingerprinting AMD potential point sources. Reliable Mine Water Technology 429–434.
- OECD, 2013. OECD economic surveys: South Africa 2013. OECD, South Africa. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-zaf-2013en Accessed 12 September 2016.
- Ololade, OO, Esterhuyse, S & Levine, AD, 2017. The water-energy-food nexus from a South African perspective. In Salam, PA, Shrestha, S, Anal, AK & Pandey, VP (Eds.), Water-Energy-Food nexus: Theories and practices. AGU-Wiley, USA.
- Qin, Y, Curmi, E, Kopec, GM, Allwood, JM & Richards, KS, 2015. China’s energy-water nexus – Assessment of the energy sector’s compliance with the “3 Red Lines” industrial water policy. Energy Policy 82, 131–43. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.03.013
- Quinn, CH, Ziervogel, G, Taylor, A & Thomalla, F, 2011. Coping with multiple stresses in rural South Africa. Ecology and Society 16(3), Art.2. doi: 10.5751/ES-04216-160302
- Rasul, G & Sharma, B, 2016. The nexus approach to water-energy-food security: An option for adaptation to climate change. Climate Policy 16(6), 682–702. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2015.1029865
- Roelf, W, 2016. Drought-hit South Africa partners with Iran to build desalination plants. Environment, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-iran-water/drought-hit-south-africa-partners-with-iran-to-build-desalination-plants-idUSKCN0Y20PQ Accessed 07 October 2017.
- RSA (Republic of South Africa), 1997. Water Services Act. Government Gazette, 19 December: 390:18522. p.10. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Legislature/a108-97.pdf Accessed 13 July 2016.
- SAPPMA (Southern African Plastic Pipe Manufacturers Association), 2013. Pipes body warns replacement of water infrastructure is overdue. https://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php/514342-SAPA-PR-Pipes-Body-Warns-Replacement-of-Water-Infrastructure-is-Long-Overdue Accessed 10 October 2017.
- Sasol, 2014. A new era for Sasol: Annual integrated report. http://www.sasol.co.za/sites/sasol/files/Sasol%20AIR%202014%20complete.pdf Accessed 9 September 2016.
- Siddiqi, A & Anadon, LD, 2011. The water–energy nexus in Middle East and North Africa. Energy Policy 39, 4529–40. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.023
- Sparks, D & Mwakasonda, S, 2006. Energy and the environment. In Winkler, H (Ed.), Energy policies for sustainable development in South Africa: Options for the future. ERC, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
- Sparks, D, Madhlop, A, Keen, S, Moorlach, M, Dane, A, Krog, P & Dlamini, T, 2014. Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25(4), 80–92.
- Stats SA, 2009. National accounts: Energy accounts for South Africa: 2002–2006. StatsSA, Pretoria.
- Stats SA, 2012. Energy accounts for South Africa: 2002–2009. Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
- Steel, M & Schulz, N, 2012. Water hungry coal: Burning South Africa water to produce electricity. Greenpeace Africa, Melville, Johannesburg.
- Stone, KCC, Hun, PG, Cantrell, KB & Ro, KS, 2010. The potential impacts of biomass feedstock production on water resource availability. Bioresource Technology 101(101), 2014–25. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.037
- Tait, L & Winkler, H, 2012. Estimating greenhouse gas emissions associated with achieving universal access to electricity in South Africa. Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town.
- Tapela, BN, 2012. Social water scarcity and water use, report to the water research commission. WRC Report No. 1940/1/11. www.wrc.org.za Accessed 16 July 2012.
- Turton, A, 2008. Three strategic water quality challenges that decision-makers need to know about and how the CSIR should respond. Keynote address. CSIR Report No. CSIR/NRE/WR/EXP/2008/0160/A. http://www.environment.co.za/documents/water/KeynoteAddressCSIR2008.pdf Accessed12 August 2016.
- UN (United Nations), 1998. Economic aspects of sustinable development in South Africa http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/safrica/eco.htm Accessed 2 May 2016.
- UN Water (United Nations), 2014. The United Nations world water development report 2014. UN Water, New York. http:www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002257/225741E.pdf Accessed 16 August 2016.
- Van Wyk, JJ, Rademeyer, JI & Van Rooyen, JA, 2010. Position statement on the Vaal River system and acid mine drainage. Department of Water Affairs, November 2010. http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Projects/AMDFSLTS/Documents/Vaal%20River%20System%20&%20AMD%20Version%203.pdf Accessed 11 June 2016.
- Viljoen, NS, 2014. The feasibility of rainwater and storm water harvesting within a winter rainfall climate context: A commercial building focus. Unpublished MSc dissertation. Pretoria, University of South Africa.
- Von Uexkull, O, 2004. Energy and water: The ignored link. Refocus March/April 2004: 40-44. http://www.oilcrisis.com/waterways/EnergyAndWater_Uexkull.pdf Accessed 15 July 2016.
- Wang, Y.-D, 2009. Integrated policy and planning for water and energy. Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 142(1), 46–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1936-704X.2009.00052.x
- Wassung, N, 2010. Water scarcity and electricity generation in South Africa. MPhil thesis in Sustainable Development, Stellenbosch, South Africa, University of Stellenbosch. http://www.sustainabilityinstitute.net/newsdocs/document-downloads/doc_download/558-natalie-wassung-waterscarcity-and-electricity-generation-in-south-africa Accessed 14 August 2016.
- Weitz, N, Nilsson, M & Davis, M, 2014. A nexus approach to the post-2015 agenda: Formulating integrated water, energy, and food SDGs. SAIS Review of International Affairs 34(2), 37–50. doi: 10.1353/sais.2014.0022
- Wilson, JM & VanBriesen, JM, 2012. Oil and gas produced water management and surface drinking water sources in Pennsylvania. Environmental Practice 14(4), 288–300.
- Winkler, H, 2015. Why South Africa should not build eight new nuclear power stations. The conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-south-africa-should-not-build-eight-new-nuclear-power-stations-49967 Accessed 10 October 2017.
- WRC (Water Research Commission), 2009. The state of water in South Africa – Are we heading for a crisis? Water Wheel September/October 2009, 31-33. http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Water%20Wheel/Articles/2009/05/WW_09_Sep-Oct_water%20crisis.pdf Accessed 16 July 2016.
- WRC (Water Research Commission), 2013. Progress and planning report 2012/13 and 2013/14: Presentation to the parliamentary portfolio committee for water and the environment. WRC, Pretoria.
- WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), 2014. Developing an understanding of the energy implications of wasted food and waste disposal. www.health.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/91/2__a16245_developing_an_understanding_of_the_energy_implications_of_wasted_food_lores.pdf Accessed 20 July 2016.
- WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), 2015. Framework to assess the economic reality of shale gas in South Africa. http://awsassets.wwf.org.za/downloads/framing_the_economics_of_shale_gas_in_south_africa__report_web.pdf Accessed 12 October 2016.
- WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature), 2016. Water: Facts and futures. http://awsassets.wwf.org.za/downloads/wwf009_waterfactsandfutures_report_web__lowres_.pdf Accessed 7 October 2017.
- WWF-SA, 2011. Coal and water futures in South Africa: The case for protecting headwaters in the Enkangala grasslands. http://assets.wwfza.panda.org.wwf-web-1.bluegecko.net/downloads/wwf_coal_water_report_2011_web.pdf Accessed 11 June 2016.
- Zhuang, W, 2016. Eco-environmental impact of inter-basin water transfer projects: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23(13), 12867–79. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6854-3.